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Rebirth: Creating the Museum of the Reconstruction Era and the Future of the House Museum: Index

Rebirth: Creating the Museum of the Reconstruction Era and the Future of the House Museum
Index

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table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. List of Illustrations
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Introduction
  9. Part I. Bait and Switch?
    1. Chapter 1: Building Shrines: Women Gatekeepers and Making the President Southern
      1. The Woodrow Wilson Family Home’s Origins as Presidential Shrine
      2. The Virginians
      3. The Mausoleum and President Woodrow Wilson House
      4. A New Shrine for the Twenty-First Century
      5. Joseph Wilson’s Career and Making a Southern Family
    2. Chapter 2: The Rebirth: Making the Museum of the Reconstruction Era
      1. A Brief Synopsis of the Tour
      2. Walking in the Footsteps of the President
      3. Objecting to Objects
      4. Death of the Docent?
    3. Chapter 3: Docent Training: Unlearning the Lost Cause and Reconstruction Memory
      1. Designing the Training
      2. Docent Response to Training
      3. Evaluating the Docents
      4. “You Cannot Please Everybody”: Rejecting the Interpretation
      5. Who Makes the Best Docent?
  10. Part II. Interpreting Silences, Violence, and Memories
    1. Chapter 4: Aren’t I a Citizen? Interpreting the Lives of Black Women and Domestic Workers in Historic House Museums
      1. The Problem of White Privilege: Language and Cultural Sensitivity Training
      2. A Labor of Love and Sorrow: Interpreting the Lives of Domestic Workers
    2. Chapter 5: Interpreting Domestic Terror: Reconstruction’s Violent End in the Twenty-First Century
      1. A Brief History of White Supremacy and Its Paramilitary Forces
      2. Women, Public History, and White Supremacy
      3. Challenging White Supremacy through Material Culture: The Red Shirt and Tissue Ballot
    3. Chapter 6: Interpreting the Craft: Doing Reconstruction History
      1. A Difficult Transition: From Political Terrorism to a White Supremacist Narrative of Reconstruction
    4. Chapter 7: (Re)Writing History with Lightning: Interpreting Memory and White Supremacy
      1. Rewriting History with Lightning: Crafting the Legacy of Woodrow Wilson and Reconstruction
      2. Birth of a Problem
      3. Reliving the Past and Nationalizing Columbia’s Reconstruction History
      4. Rebirth of a Problem
      5. Racism in Degrees: Interpreting Wilson and White Supremacy
      6. But What about Gone with the Wind? Conclusions and the Act of Letting Go
  11. Conclusion. The Public’s Response to the MoRE
  12. Notes
  13. Bibliography
  14. Index

Page 321 →Index

  • 12 Years a Slave (film), 9
  • 1619 Project, 29
  • 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, 41
  • 40 Acres and a Mule, 4, 239n20
  • 54th Massachusetts United States Colored Troops, 6, 104
  • ability/disability, 5–6, 44–45, 121, 179
  • Abrams, Stacey, 169
  • accessibility issues, 6, 133, 294n9
  • Adams, Herbert Baxter, 174, 196
  • African history, 2
  • ageism, 121
  • Alexander, Michelle, 188
  • Allen, James S., 178
  • Allen, Katharine, 114–15, 189, 235
  • Allen, Michael, 103, 111
  • Allen, Walter, 176, 280n16
  • American Association for State and Local History, 2, 43, 237n2
  • American Legion Auxiliary (ALA), 2, 18, 19, 27–28, 68, 245n19, 245n21
  • American Legion: 27, 29, 31, 34; South Carolina state chapter, 32, 33; Wilson boyhood home, 32, 34–35, 245n21
  • Americanism, 27, 29, 33, 245n21
  • Andrew Johnson National Historical Site, 4
  • Andrew, Rod, Jr., 104
  • Anthony, Susan B., 8
  • anticommunism/communism, 65, 146, 243n4
  • Antiquities Act (1906), 4
  • anti-Semitism, 146, 149
  • Anti-Yoke Baptist Church, 10
  • Arbery, Ahmaud, 12
  • Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 2, 182
  • Association of African American Museums, 3, 237–38n8
  • Australia, 180
  • authoritarianism, 228
  • Ayers, Edward L., 174, 179
  • Babbitt, Ashli, 145
  • Bacon-Rogers, Heather: 108, 214, 235; docent/staff experiences, 83, 106, 111–15; exhibit panels, 82, 222; material culture, 67, 71, 72; red shirt interpretation, 158, 159, 160, 162; visitor map, 69, 294n21; white supremacy interpretation, 159, 173; Wilson family interpretation, 161, 213; workers/workspace interpretation, 132, 135, 137–38; WWFH focus change, 74–76, 111–12
  • Baker, Bruce, 11, 85, 106, 148, 153–54, 157–58, 179, 277n30, 281n31
  • Baker, Felixina Shepherd, 50, 161
  • Baker, Ray Stannard, 36–37, 45
  • Baruch, Bernard, 37
  • Baum, L. Frank, 232
  • Beale, Howard K., 179
  • Beaufort Reconstruction Monument, 4
  • Beirich, Heidi, 167–68, 275n7, 279n86
  • Belew, Kathleen, 146–48, 166, 168, 274n7, 276n13, 276n16, 279n87
  • Benbow, Mark E., 197
  • Benedict College, 103, 231
  • Benedict XV (Pope), 67
  • Benjamin F. Randolph monument, 163
  • Berg, A. Scott, 91, 129, 194, 209
  • Biden, Joseph, 13, 145
  • Birth of a Nation (film): 29, 34, 168, 192, 199–201, 225, 230, 233; Black protest against, 184, 197, 205, 207, 288–89n49; and D. W. Griffith, 8, 18, 82, 197–99, 203, 207, 230; interpretations of, 139, 151, 175, 190–91, 229, 241n45; Ku Klux Klan glorification, 168–69, 204; Lost Cause ideology, 203–4; MoRE exhibit, 8–9, 187, 191, 194, 199, 208; portrayal of Black stereotypes, Page 322 →192–93, 196, 199, 203–7, 216; Reconstruction portrayal, 183–84, 187, 190, 229; White House screening, 15, 18, 22, 175, 195, 197–99, 208, 212, 286n27; see also Clansman, The (Dixon); DJ Spooky; Dixon, Thomas; Griffith, D. W.; Rebirth of a Nation, The (film); Wilson, Woodrow: Birth of a Nation thoughts; relationship with Thomas Dixon
  • Black Americans: 2, 4, 31, 50, 163, 179, 207, 226; activism, 4, 256n27; artists, 8, 18; Black rapist myth, 140, 149, 156, 204, 207; disenfranchisement/enfranchisement, 5, 16, 47, 57, 60, 66, 95, 141, 148; domestic workers, 21, 89, 126–27, 130, 132, 136–38, 140, 143, 233; educators, 21, 179; feminist scholars/scholarship, 139; history, 2–4, 106, 123–24, 226, 238n12; men, 60, 95, 274n71; middle class, 65–66, 124; ministers, 153, 232; othering of, 151, 175; press, 182, 207; soldiers/veterans, 46, 104, 140–41, 193
  • Black benevolent groups, 2
  • Black churches, 2, 8, 11, 51, 60, 107, 141; see also Anti-Yoke Baptist Church; Mother Emanuel AME Church
  • Black citizenship: 77, 207, 228, 276n11; Black women, 119, 140–41, 171; public history interpretation, 1, 97, 99–100, 119, 129, 132, 135–36, 188, 193, 227, 231–33, 273n59; racist intimidation, 139, 152–53, 157; and Reconstruction, 11, 19, 60, 104, 105, 111, 173, 175, 177–78, 182, 186, 260n9
  • Black civil rights movement: 2–3, 105, 109, 149, 163, 179, 186, 231; long-ness of, 14, 180, 215, 232, 282–83n41; public history interpretation, 4–5, 64, 90, 111, 173, 229, 231–32; Wilson’s experiences, 15, 210
  • Black Codes, 105, 110–11, 173
  • Black entrepreneurship, 8, 66, 124
  • Black incarceration, 3, 152, 188–89, 206, 280n31
  • Black Justice League (Princeton University), 212
  • Black labor: 129–30, 137, 142, 148, 171, 178, 188, 210, 231; see also Black domestic workers
  • Black literary societies, 2
  • Black Lives Matter (BLM), 10, 12, 64, 206, 214, 226, 231, 242n61
  • Black militias, 152–53, 155, 167, 277n28
  • Black museum movement, 2–3
  • Black museum visitors, 6, 9, 121, 123–24, 135, 164, 223–24, 296n35
  • Black museums, 2–3, 6, 237–38n8, 238nn11–12
  • Black nationalism, 2
  • Black Panther (film), 191
  • Black political power: during Reconstruction, 14, 65, 104–7, 110, 173, 193, 260n8, 281–82n34; office-holding, 14–15, 87, 104, 106–7, 110, 153–54, 166, 169, 173, 182, 193, 229, 260n8; voting, 105, 153, 166, 176, 182, 229; Wilson’s cognizance of, 65–66, 197, 206
  • Black public history, 2
  • Black Reconstruction narrative: Black women’s experiences, 21, 119–20, 142; Democratic Party destruction of, 13, 19, 182; political gains, 14, 66, 231, 294n24; public history representations, 10–11, 31, 76, 85, 94, 108, 121, 123, 125–26, 180, 188, 224–25
  • Black scholars/scholarship: 2, 88, 109, 178, 182–83; see also Black Americans: feminist scholars/scholarship; Du Bois, W. E. B.
  • Black voter intimidation, 150, 224, 274n71
  • Black voters/voting, 182, 204, 274n71, 294n24
  • Black women: 3, 14, 21, 87, 119, 138, 139, 140, 142, 171, 207–8; see also Black domestic workers; Black Reconstruction narrative: Black women’s experiences
  • blackface, 195, 207
  • Blackness, 171
  • Blackwell, Sarah, 17
  • Blight, David, 149, 230
  • Bloom, Benjamin, 88, 110
  • Bolling, John Randolph, 27, 36
  • Page 323 →Bones, James, 50, 52
  • Bones, Marion Woodrow, 38, 50, 54
  • Booth, Edwin, 184
  • Branch Davidians, 147
  • Bratton, Rufus, 200
  • Brazier, Halie: 58, 64, 71, 123, 158, 171, 183, 225; docent/staff experiences, 89, 106, 112; racist violence interpretation, 162, 164; visitor interactions, 95–96, 102; white supremacy interpretation, 107, 160, 173, 193, 216
  • Brazil, 180
  • Brown, Michael, 228
  • Brown, Sterling, 151
  • Brown, Thomas J., 18, 87, 189, 209, 260n9, 262n34
  • Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, 11, 28, 243n4
  • Bryan, William Jennings, 28
  • Buchanan, James, 46, 173
  • Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 219
  • Bundy, Clive, 148
  • Burgess, John W., 174, 182, 281–82n34
  • Burleson, Albert, 65, 210
  • Burns, Andrea, 2, 18
  • Burroughs, Nannie, 3
  • Bush, George W., 160
  • Butler, Carrie, 141
  • Butler, Matthew C., 167
  • Butler, The (film), 142
  • Byrd, Harry, 40
  • Caldwell, Lee Ann, 47
  • Campbell House, 7
  • Campbell-Bryce House, 63
  • Canada, 180, 238n11
  • Cappelmann, Ruth, 27, 30, 32, 34–37, 38, 45, 55, 253n87
  • Cathcart, Ann, 32, 34, 35, 36, 246n30
  • Centro Cultural y Museum de la Memoria, 228
  • Chamberlain, David, 105, 156–57, 176–77, 182, 242n64
  • Charleston Museum, 32
  • Christopher, Tami, 187
  • City of Women, 226
  • Clansman, The (Dixon), 34, 82, 168, 175–76, 182, 189, 196–97, 200, 203–4, 230
  • Clark, John, 72, 75–76, 91, 98, 100, 102–5, 112, 150, 173, 198, 209–12
  • classism, 122
  • Clemenceau, Georges, 215
  • Clemens, Samuel. See Twain, Mark
  • Clements, Kendrick, 18, 87, 198, 209, 262n34
  • Cleveland, Grover, 46
  • Clinton, Catherine, 140
  • Clinton, Hillary, 183
  • Cobb, Ty, 54
  • Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,” 219
  • Coleman, Laurence, 31
  • Colonial Dames, 32, 33, 34, 246n27
  • colonialism, 179, 191
  • Columbia SC 63 Project, 226
  • Committee on History Investigation (American Legion), 29
  • Confederate flag, 11, 106–7, 164, 212, 226, 228, 230
  • Confederate monuments 12, 28–29, 47, 86, 106, 149, 158, 190, 214, 230, 245n21, 276n11, 291n79
  • Confederate Relic Room, 33
  • Conn, Steven, 57, 76, 240n36
  • conservatism, 3, 28, 34, 86, 208–9, 211, 224, 227
  • constructive criticism, 98–99, 220
  • consumerism, 168
  • Cook, Daniella: MoRE docent training, 78, 88–89, 92, 101, 110, 121–22, 184, 260n13, 263n36, 271n8; MoRE interpretative team contributions, 18, 96, 124, 137, 142, 172, 192
  • Cooper, John Milton, 198
  • Coulter, E. Merton, 178
  • Council of Farm Women, 33, 245n20
  • COVID-19 pandemic, 114, 145
  • Cox, Karen L., 29, 149, 193, 287n32
  • Cox, Oliver, 135
  • Crape Myrtle Garden Club, 36
  • Crews, Thomas Bissell, 158
  • Critical Race Theory, 11, 98, 265n54
  • Cruz, Ted, 167
  • cultural tourism, 3, 5, 227
  • Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 19, 28, 243n5
  • Czarnitzki, William Esper, 193
  • Page 324 →Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo, 2
  • Daniels, Josephus, 65, 196, 210
  • Darwin, Charles, 72
  • Daughters of 1812, 33
  • Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 28, 32–35, 243n4, 245n21, 249n67
  • Davis, Angela, 205
  • Davis, Jefferson, 12, 49
  • Dawson, Emily, 5
  • decorative arts, 7–8, 20, 30, 264n55
  • Democratic Party: 196; during Reconstruction, 13, 21, 61, 182, 184; Lost Cause myth, 85–86; national party, 28–29, 33, 46, 54, 65, 169, 184, 210, 238n15, 244n6, 245n21; racism/racist violence, 140, 147, 150, 152, 154–57, 177, 203, 223–24, 288n42, 290n65; strangle-hold in South Carolina, 5, 28, 72, 104, 145, 157, 160, 173, 176, 242n64
  • Dern, Bruce, 189
  • Derry, Joseph Tyrone, 50
  • DeSantis, Ron, 98
  • DeVaney, Charles A., 48
  • Dickerson, Joyce, 235
  • Dickinson, Emily: 186; see also Emily Dickinson Museum
  • Dickinson, Susan Huntington Gilbert, 187
  • Dixon, Thomas: Clansman, The, 34, 175, 176, 181–82, 196–97, 200, 203–204, 230; racism, 182–83, 204, 207–09; relationship with Woodrow Wilson, 82, 168, 192, 195–98, 212, 286nn23–25; see also Birth of a Nation (film)
  • DJ Spooky: 8, 192, 205–8, 230, 232, 288n58; see also Rebirth of a Nation (film)
  • Django Unchained (film), 9
  • Docent Doe, 64, 69, 81–82, 92, 210
  • domestic/political terrorism, 14, 16, 21, 62, 108, 142, 146–48, 150, 158–59, 168, 179, 228; see also Democratic Party: racism/racist violence; racial terrorism; rape; Reconstruction terrorism; sexual assault
  • Donaldson, Bobby, 226
  • Douglass, Frederick, 2, 238n15
  • Downs, Gregory, 4, 227–28
  • Downton Abbey effect, 21, 89, 135–36, 142, 171, 224
  • Drie, Camille, 58, 68
  • Drugan, H. F., 37
  • Du Bois, W. E. B., 65, 178, 182–83, 207, 231, 237n7, 281n34
  • DuBose, Louise Jones, 150–57, 167, 175, 195, 200
  • Duke, David, 169
  • Dunning School, 13, 22, 29, 105, 110, 173–80, 182–83, 186–87, 193, 208, 229, 279n17, 281n34
  • Dunning, William A., 174, 182, 279n17
  • Edgar, Walter B., 91, 242n64
  • Eisenhower, Dwight D., 42–43
  • elite whites, 1, 7, 21, 27–28, 82, 119, 126, 141, 149
  • elitism, 91, 191
  • Ellenton riot, 155–56, 177
  • Elliott, Robert Brown, 153
  • Elmwood Cemetery, 69, 163
  • Ely, Richard T., 196
  • emancipation, 8, 130, 137, 140–41, 151, 180, 209
  • Emberton, Carole, 155, 277n31
  • Emily Dickinson Museum, 186, 189–90
  • Eurocentrism, 3, 256n28
  • exceptionalism: 29, 111; see also Southern exceptionalism
  • Fairbanks, Douglas, 67
  • Falk, John, 5, 83, 223
  • family affair construction, 156, 159, 193
  • Fast, Howard, 178
  • Faucett, William, 154
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 147, 275n7, 279n78
  • Federal Writer’s Project, 151
  • Federation of Women’s Clubs: 33; see also Richland County Federation of Women’s Clubs; South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs
  • Fernbank Museum of Natural History, 7
  • Fields, James Alex, Jr., 230
  • Fifteenth Amendment, 3, 47, 182
  • First Presbyterian Church (Augusta, GA), 47–48, 50–54, 62, 131
  • Page 325 →First Presbyterian Church (Columbia, SC), 38, 44, 69
  • Floyd, Anne S., 47
  • Floyd, George, 10, 12
  • Foner, Eric, 179, 186, 230
  • Forrest Gump (film), 230
  • Forrest, Nthan Bedford, 230
  • Fort Snelling (Minnesota Historical Society site), 18, 113
  • Fortier, Michael, 147
  • Foster, Gaines M., 86
  • Fourteenth Amendment, 3, 60, 152, 232
  • France, 65
  • free Blacks, 8, 10, 60, 130, 141, 179
  • Free State of Jones (film), 139, 230
  • Freed, Fielding, 17, 266n61, 289n58
  • Freedman’s Bureau, 104, 106, 110, 141, 178, 180, 203
  • Furman, Felicia, 106
  • Gage, Francis Dana, 119
  • Gage, Matilda Josyln, 8, 228, 232
  • Garden Club of Virginia, 38, 248n51
  • Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 158
  • Garvey, Amy Jacques, 3
  • Garvey, Marcus, 3
  • Gary, Martin W., 148, 155, 158, 167, 178, 278n85, 279–80n23
  • Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 230
  • genealogy tourism, 10
  • Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth, 196
  • Global Project Against Hate and Extremism, 147
  • Glymph, Thavolia, 135–36, 171, 276n62
  • Golanska, Dorota, 10
  • Gone with the Wind (film), 151, 178, 216, 290n90
  • Gonzales, Ambrose, 200, 204
  • Gordon-Reed, Annette, 229
  • Gore, Al, 160
  • Grant, Ulysses S., 176
  • Grayson, Cary T., 40, 199, 249n60
  • Great Britain, 65, 135, 137, 196
  • Great Depression, 40
  • Great Migration, 216
  • Griffith, D. W.: 192, 206; racism, 199–201, 204–5, 208, 229; Reconstruction portrayal, 187, 200, 203–204, 225, 229; see also Birth of a Nation (film); and D. W. Griffith
  • Groner, Lawrence, 40–41
  • Gunter, Jennifer: 8, 72, 78, 142; docent/staff experiences, 79, 164, 173; exhibit panels, 80, 82; Reconstruction interpretation, 63–64, 72, 165, 216, 267n77; red shirt interpretation, 159, 223; white supremacy interpretation, 134, 136; Wilson family interpretation, 62–64
  • Haas-Lillienthal House, 7
  • Hale, Grace, 175
  • Haley, Nikki, 11
  • Halifax, Shawn, 6, 240n32, 241n58
  • Hall, Walt, 108, 160
  • Hamburg massacre (1876), 155, 167, 177, 278n85
  • Hampton, Wade, I, 114
  • Hampton, Wade II, 115
  • Hampton, Wade, III: 86, 157, 167, 242n64, 277n46, 281n23; commemorations of, 105, 158, 193; control of white population, 13, 104, 157; racial identity boundaries, 86, 157; Red Shirts, 16, 104, 156, 158, 162, 166–67, 193, 209
  • Hampton-Preston Mansion & Gardens, 17, 71, 114, 257n49, 265n55
  • Hannah-Jones, Nikole, 29
  • Harnay, Melaine, 10
  • Harpers Ferry, 2
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, 188–89
  • Hawley, Josh, 167
  • Haworth, Paul Leland, 177, 280n19
  • Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 187
  • Hayes, Rutherford B., 13, 160
  • Hennies, George V., 200
  • heritage tourism, 187, 195
  • hero worship, 1, 104, 158
  • heroism, 29, 120, 213
  • Heyer, Heather, 12, 230
  • Historic Augusta, 20, 30, 47, 48, 130
  • Historic Columbia Foundation (HCF): 83, 293n6, 295n20, 295n21; docent training/education, 20, 57, 81, 86–87, 89–90, 93, 96, 98, 101, 112–15, 119–22, 142–43, 162, 184, 262n32, 295n43; gift Page 326 →shop, 57, 62; interpretative team, 17, 114, 192, 257n49, 262n34, 264n55, 283n3; leadership, 14, 226; material culture collections, 20, 57, 66–67, 72, 99; relationship with USC history department/public history program, 18, 87, 231; see also Hampton-Preston Mansion & Gardens; Mann-Simons Site; Museum of Reconstruction Era (MoRE); Robert Mills House & Gardens; Woodrow Wilson Family Home
  • Historic Fort Snelling, 18, 113
  • Historic Home Museum movement: 172–73, 185–87, 221, 224, 232, 243n75; decorative arts/artifacts, 7, 20, 23, 30, 72, 75, 222; docent-guided tours, 1, 20, 62, 77, 83, 94, 101–2, 293n17; elitism, 9, 14, 21, 30, 137; interpretative whitewashing, 7–8, 14, 19, 21, 31, 76, 89, 125–26, 137–38, 143, 151, 188; reimaginings of, 7–8, 11, 16, 20, 22–23, 58, 84, 93, 211, 213; sexual violence interpretations, 142; shrine model, 9, 19, 28, 30–31, 45, 64, 186, 190, 227, 240n39, 243n5; see also Museum of Reconstruction Era (MoRE); Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home (WWBH); Woodrow Wilson Family Home (WWFH)
  • Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park, 4, 239n18
  • historic revisionism, 1, 15, 30, 176, 178–79
  • Historical Commission of South Carolina, 33, 35
  • historical nostalgia, 9, 78, 101, 151, 216
  • Historically Black colleges & universities (HBCUs): 2, 103, 231; see also Benedict College
  • Hogan, Kathy: 69, 79, 103, 123, 163; material culture, 71, 101; Reconstruction interpretation, 109–11, 215; research/preparation, 91–92; tour-as-conversation technique, 64, 210, 213
  • Houmas Plantation, 10
  • Howe, Annie Wilson, 138–39, 161–62
  • Howe, George Howe, Jr., 63, 139, 162
  • Hull, Cordell, 40
  • Hull, Rose, 40–42
  • imperialism: 29, 65, 174, 179, 186, 255–56n28; see also New Imperialism
  • industrial capitalism, 179, 191
  • inherited racism, 89
  • institutional racism, 22, 44, 124
  • Jackson, Samuel L., 189
  • Jackson, Stonewall, 12
  • Jameson, J. Franklin, 174
  • January 6, 2021, insurrection, 11, 13, 21, 145–46, 157, 167, 169
  • Japan, 35, 65, 147, 215–16, 290n90
  • Japanese Americans, 211
  • Jefferson, Thomas: 31, 38, 229, 244n6, 250n67, 297n51; see also Monticello
  • Jensen, Eric, 5
  • Jewish history, 226
  • Jim Crow: 65, 149, 182, 216; election fraud/intimidation, 14, 46–47, 178, 229; state support, 110, 167; MoRE interpretations, 23, 115, 122, 172–73, 183, 223–24, 296n24; white supremacy, 11, 148, 174–75, 179–80; white terrorism, 14, 46, 147, 149, 163, 229; see also New Jim Crow
  • John Birch Society, 146
  • Johnson, Andrew: 176, 183; see also Andrew Johnson National Historical Site
  • Jones, Jacqueline, 135
  • Jones, Marie, 32, 245n20
  • Junior League (Columbia), 33
  • Kennedy, Jacqueline, 43, 251n78
  • Kennedy, John F., 43
  • King, Marjorie Brown, 199
  • King, Martin Luther, Jr., 3
  • Kinghan, Neil, 231
  • Kleinfelder, Betsy, 81
  • Kornegay, Lee Ann, 194, 254n5
  • Ku Klux Klan Act (1871), 168
  • Ku Klux Klan: 156, 159, 161, 165, 173, 177, 193, 196–98, 200, 206, 288n42; defenders of, 104, 150, 151–53, 167, 177; public history interpretations, 21, 62, 284n4, 287n25; South Carolina hotbeds, 103, 152, 155, 157, 180; spread of, 146, 149, 154, 165, 168–69, 203, Page 327 →223–24, 275n16, 286n27; terrorism/violence, 62, 104, 108, 140, 142, 151, 153–54, 158, 198, 229, 275n71; see also Birth of a Nation, The (film)
  • Labode, Modupe, 214, 291n79
  • Lamar, Joseph R., 48–49
  • Lamar, Phillip, 49
  • Latimer, Sam, 200
  • League of Women Voters, 33–34, 246n27
  • Lee, Casey, 72, 82–83, 126, 163–64, 173, 211, 214, 223
  • Lee, Robert E.: 41, 46, 50–52, 249–50n67; see also Robert E. Lee statues
  • Levy, Jefferson, 29
  • Lewis, David Levering, 231
  • Lewis, George, 29, 244n8
  • Liberty Bonds, 67
  • Lincoln (film), 9
  • Lincoln, Abraham, 48, 176, 183–84, 196, 253n109
  • Link, Arthur S, 36, 43, 45, 48, 198, 199, 252n95
  • literary house museums, 22, 172, 185–86, 189–90
  • Littleton, Martin, 28
  • Littleton, Maud, 28
  • Lopez, Lisa Junkin, 44, 240n39
  • Lost Cause: defenders of, 22, 105–6, 174, 238n11; docent training, 87, 89, 102–3, 107, 111–12, 150, 216, 234; public history interpretations, 15, 20, 23, 84–86, 92–93, 115, 164, 214, 225; white supremacy, 11, 15, 85–86, 107, 174, 229, 281–82n41; white women, 19, 27, 34, 149, 156, 245n17; see also Birth of a Nation, The (film); Dunning School; Oliphant, Mary C. Simms
  • Lowe, Hilary Iris, 22, 172, 185–89
  • Lower East Side Tenement Museum (NYC), 31
  • Lumpkin, Bryan, 34
  • Lumpkin, Francis, 32, 34–35, 246n29
  • Lumpkin, Katharine Du Pre, 34
  • Lynch, John, 182
  • lynching, 12, 140, 154–55, 163, 166, 173, 193, 196, 209, 211, 229, 277n30
  • Manning, Richard, 37
  • Mann-Simons Site, 17, 124, 265n55
  • Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum, 188
  • Marsh, Allison, 18
  • Mary Baldwin College, 38, 40, 51, 54, 248n51
  • mass incarceration, 3, 188–89, 206, 280n31
  • Masur, Kate, 4, 227–28
  • McAdoo, William, 65, 210, 244n6
  • McElroy, Alice Wilson, 35, 68
  • McIntosh, Peggy, 121, 123
  • McLeod Plantation Historic Site, 6, 9, 12, 240n31, 241n58
  • McMaster, Agnes, 32
  • McPherson, Tara, 9, 126
  • McVeigh, Timothy, 147, 168, 169
  • Micheaux, Oscar: 18, 207–8; see also Within Our Gates (film)
  • middle class whites, 16, 27, 62, 72, 128, 135, 149, 166, 185, 203, 241n45, 276n11
  • middle-class Blacks, 65–66, 124
  • middle-class decorum/values, 16, 203, 241n45, 276n11
  • middle-class white men, 166
  • middle-class white women, 27–28, 149
  • Mikhail Bulgakov House (Kyiv, Ukraine), 67
  • Miller, Paul. See D. J. Spooky
  • Montgomery, Erick, 30, 47, 48–49, 51, 54–55, 130, 151, 253n102, 254n111, 254n128
  • Montgomery, Mabel, 151
  • Monticello, 28–29, 31, 229
  • Monument Avenue (Richmond, VA), 12
  • moonlight & magnolia tourism, 9
  • Moore, Cecelia, 221, 224–29, 233, 235
  • Moore, John Hammond, 204
  • Moore, Porchia, 93, 122, 262n34
  • MoRE Black Reconstruction narrative: 187–88, 226, 229, 235; Black gains, 126, 185; competing versions, 10, 16, 175–77, 180, 186; Lost Cause interpretation, 115, 214; Red Shirts interpretation, 11, 172; white sexual violence, 21, 142; white supremacy, 13, 76, 107; white terrorism, 21, 185, 228
  • MoRE docents: fatigue, 58, 81–82, 113; Lost Cause interpretation, 20, 85–86, 89–90, 106, 150; Page 328 →material culture, 55, 57–58, 67, 71–72, 74–76; racist violence interpretation, 83; reactions to Reconstruction focus, 20, 23, 85–86, 93–94, 100–101, 150, 192; Reconstruction interpretation, 16, 62, 64, 76–77, 92, 94–97, 102, 114–15, 184–86; red shirt interpretation, 22, 72; role significance, 5, 14–15, 63, 83; training, 6–7, 14, 16–19, 21, 81, 84, 87–91, 94, 113, 122, 174, 183, 265n55; visitor engagement, 77–80, 82–83, 121–23, 221–23; visitor map, 69; white supremacy interpretation, 16, 20–21, 65, 86, 115, 150; Wilson interpretation, 14–15, 22, 44, 55, 59–60, 62–63, 82, 87–88, 92, 94, 96, 132, 184–85, 217
  • MoRE Woodrow Wilson interpretation: 19, 57, 63–66, 87, 91, 126, 132, 143, 162, 177, 186–87, 198, 209, 212–13, 215, 225, 227, 235: anti-shrine approach, 19, 30, 31, 55, 57, 76, 94, 99; material culture, 55; Reconstruction, 22, 57, 145
  • Moredock, Will, 106
  • Morgan, Jean: 67–69, 103, 124, 137, 160, 216, 234; Reconstruction interpretation, 58–59, 92, 100, 108–9, 212; Wilson interpretation, 63, 92, 138, 212
  • Mother Emanuel AME Church, 11, 107, 228
  • Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 28, 243n5
  • Mount Vernon, 19, 28, 31, 243n5
  • Museum Educator’s Manual, The, 6
  • Museum of African American History and Culture, 3, 238n12
  • Museum of Confederate History, 158
  • Museum of Reconstruction Era (MoRE): 1–5, 60–62, 64, 120, 133–34, 151, 207, 233; Birth of a Nation, The (film), 8, 187, 192–93, 198, 200, 204, 225, 232; Black labor interpretation, 135–38, 140, 224; class interpretation, 137; groundbreaking nature of, 1–2, 7–9, 13, 15, 20, 23, 31, 57, 63, 66, 211, 226, 227, 237n1; historic interpretation, 7, 8, 10–11, 13–16, 20, 23, 31, 105, 109–12, 114, 121, 134, 171–74, 189–90; history of, 28, 30; influence of, 3–5, 23; interpretative committee, 90, 192–94; Legacy of Woodrow Wilson and Reconstruction, The (film), 18; Lincoln interpretation, 183–84; managers, 14; material culture, 66–67, 71–72, 74, 220; oral history use, 17, 225; origins of, 19, 27–28, 30; paid staff, 7, 14, 17, 113; racist violence interpretation, 142, 147–48, 152, 155, 157–58, 160, 162–68, 224; Rebirth of a Nation (film), 8, 230, 232; sexual violence interpretation, 139–41; visitor evaluations, 17, 76, 98, 122, 159–60, 183, 190, 220–21, 225, 294n9, 296n35; white supremacy interpretation, 18, 22, 84, 86, 107, 115, 167–68, 176, 219, 223, 230–31; see also MoRE Black Reconstruction narrative; MoRE docents; MoRE Woodrow Wilson interpretation
  • Nash, William Beverly, 14, 66, 215
  • Nash, Woodrow, 10
  • Nast, Thomas, 163
  • National Association for Interpretation, 6
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 163, 180, 182, 195, 207
  • National Constitution Center, 3
  • National Park Service (NPS): 2, 4, 11, 227–28, 230, 238n15, 243n7
  • National Trust for Historic Preservation, 18–19, 30, 43–45, 68
  • nationalism: 46, 65, 147, 176–77, 186, 215, 243n4, 256n28; see also Black nationalism; southern nationalism; white nationalism
  • Ned Tennant riot (1874), 167
  • Negro History clubs, 2
  • Negro History Week, 2
  • New Deal, 9, 150–51, 167, 238n15, 244n7
  • New Imperialism, 179
  • New Jim Crow, 188
  • Niagara Movement, 182
  • Nichols, Terry, 147
  • Nicodemus, Kansas, National Historical Site, 4
  • Nineteenth Amendment, 88, 194, 199, 211
  • Page 329 →Nixon, Richard M., 43
  • North Carolina History Center on the Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 3, 238n13
  • North Carolina History Center, 3, 238n13
  • Obama, Barack, 4, 44, 165
  • Oklahoma City bombing, 147, 165, 168, 169
  • Oklahoma City National Museum, 168
  • Old State Capitol Museum (LA), 66
  • Oliphant, Mary C. Simms, 104, 105–6, 110, 150–52, 155–56, 157, 175, 187
  • Page, Walter Hines, 196
  • Pan-Africanism, 2
  • Parsons, Elaine Frantz, 154, 277n28
  • patriotism, 27–30, 35, 41, 52, 151, 167, 227
  • Pauli Murray Center for History & Social Justice, 228, 232, 298n62
  • Pence, Mike, 145, 168
  • Pickford, Mary, 67
  • Pike, James Shepherd, 175, 281–82n34
  • Pitts, Leonard, Jr., 91
  • plantation sites: 9–10, 38, 151, 178, 239–40n31; museums, 9, 21, 129; as tourist destinations, 9–10, 216, 241n52
  • Poole, W. Scott, 52, 85, 156, 277n44, 278n85
  • Port Royal Experiment, 103, 111, 239n20; see also Rose, Willie Lee
  • Posner, Ann, 17, 81, 90, 96, 98, 103, 284n3
  • post-revisionist history, 179
  • Presbyterianism, 45, 62, 127, 162, 233
  • professionalism, 3, 6, 20, 89, 112–15, 174, 186, 289n70
  • Progressive Era, 4, 19, 110
  • Proud Boys 166, 279n80
  • Pustz, Jennifer, 101–3, 126
  • queerness/queer history, 190, 226, 232
  • Quint, James, 17, 100, 284n3
  • racial terrorism/violence, 14, 21, 23, 53, 72, 115, 140, 155–56, 160, 162–65, 175, 193
  • racism: 124, 149, 179, 189, 265n54; see also Black citizenship: racist intimidation; Brazier, Halie: racist violence interpretation; Democratic Party: racism/racist violence; Dixon, Thomas: racism; domestic/political terrorism; Griffith, D. W.: racism; Hampton, Wade, III: racial identity boundaries; inherited racism; institutional racism; MoRE docents: racist violence interpretation; Museum of Reconstruction Era (MoRE): racist violence interpretation; systemic racism; white supremacy; Wilson, Woodrow: race/white supremacy; racist violence; segregation support; slavery ambivalence
  • Radical Republicans, 176, 179
  • radicalism, 2, 243n4
  • Randolph Cemetery, 163
  • Randolph, Benjamin F., 163
  • rape, 140–42, 163, 275n71, 72
  • Rashad, Phylicia, 189
  • Ready, Elizabeth, 148
  • realism, 216
  • Rebirth of a Nation, The (film): 8, 205, 207, 230; see also DJ Spooky
  • reconciliation culture, 29, 47, 149, 174–75, 177, 183–84, 207, 214, 216, 227, 282–83n41
  • Reconstruction 360 (SC ETV), 4, 180
  • Reconstruction monument (Beaufort, SC), 4, 230–31
  • reconstruction terrorism, 163–65, 224
  • Reconstruction: see also Beaufort Reconstruction Monument; Birth of a Nation (film): Reconstruction portrayal; Black citizenship: and Reconstruction; Black political power: during Reconstruction; Black Reconstruction narrative; Democratic Party: during Reconstruction; Griffith, D. W.: Reconstruction portrayal; Gunter, Jennifer: Reconstruction interpretation; Hogan, Kathy: Reconstruction interpretation; MoRE Black Reconstruction narrative; MoRE docents: Reconstruction interpretation; Morgan, Jean: Reconstruction interpretation; Museum of Reconstruction Era (MoRE); Republican Party: during Page 330 →Reconstruction; white supremacy: Reconstruction narrative; Wilson, Woodrow: Reconstruction experiences; Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home (WWBH): Reconstruction history; Woodrow Wilson Family Home (WWFH); Reconstruction interpretation
  • Red Shirts: 168–69, 281n23; familial legacies, 16, 108, 148, 159–60; heroes myth, 11, 16, 148, 150, 155, 162, 204; parades, 18, 34, 193; support for, 151, 156, 166–67; violence, 104, 145, 150, 154, 157, 165–67, 223, 229; white supremacy, 105, 156, 165; see also Bacon-Rogers, Heather: red shirt interpretation; Dubose, Louise Jones; Gunter, Jennifer: red shirt interpretation; Hampton, Wade, III: Red Shirts; MoRE Black Reconstruction narrative: Red Shirts interpretation; MoRE docents: red shirt interpretation; Oliphant, Mary C. Simms
  • Redfield, Jean, 63
  • Redfield, Pam, 137
  • Republican Party: 65, 156–57, 160, 175–77, 182, 223, 242n64, 277n31; Black political power, 85, 87, 104, 105–6, 150, 173, 178, 202, 260n9, 280–81n34; contemporary power, 98, 145, 169, 265n54; during Reconstruction, 13, 61, 85; violence against, 147–48, 150, 152–54, 157, 162–63, 167, 203; see also Radical Republicans
  • Reynolds, John S., 175–77, 281n23, 280–81n34
  • Rhodes, James Ford, 182, 281–82n34
  • Richards, John, 37
  • Richardson, Margie, 114
  • Richland County American Legion Auxiliary (ALA), 29–32, 34–37, 41
  • Richland County Federation of Women’s Clubs, 32
  • Richland County Historical Commission, 36
  • rifle clubs, 156–57, 166–67, 203
  • Riley, Richard “Dick,” 102, 105
  • Ritchie, Donald A., 17
  • River Road (Louisiana), 10
  • Robert E. Lee statues, 11–12
  • Robert Mills House & Gardens, 17, 57–58, 62, 85, 226, 265n55
  • Robertson, Beverly, 163
  • Robinson, Benjamin, 153–54
  • Robinson, Chanda, 111
  • Rockefeller, Nelson, 41
  • Roof, Dylann, 12, 107, 147, 230
  • Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 41, 167, 211
  • Roosevelt, Theodore, 47
  • Rose, Willie Lee, 4, 239n20
  • Rosen, Hannah, 140, 275n71
  • Ryan, Deborah E., 23, 62–63, 77, 243n75, 255n18, 257n35, 258n71, 261n13, 267n82, 275n72, 290–91n70
  • Safranek, Lauren, 224–26, 228, 233
  • Santos, Máximo, 228
  • Schaffer, Samuel L., 214–15
  • Schneider, Maria, 80, 210
  • Scott, Bernadette, 83, 95, 103
  • Scott, Isaac, 130, 132, 136, 143
  • Scott, Jennifer, 129, 132, 240n39
  • Scott, Mary, 130, 132, 136, 143
  • Scott, Robert, 152–54
  • sectionalism, 29
  • sexism, 121–22
  • sexual violence (against Black women): 138, 141–42, 163, 275n71; see also rape
  • Sherman, William T., 49, 200, 203, 205, 266n62, 277n46
  • Sherrer, John, 17, 284n3
  • Simkins, Francis Butler, 178–79, 182–83
  • Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 233
  • Simon, Nina, 5, 80, 223
  • Sinclair, William, 175, 180
  • slavery: 10, 38, 85, 91, 104–6, 135–37, 161–62, 180, 213, 226; eradication of, 8, 30, 49, 60, 176, 260n9; happy/faithful slave myth, 108, 129; historical erasure of, 9, 111, 188; Lost Cause narrative, 107, 115, 149; museum interpretation, 3, 6, 9, 14, 114–15, 122, 127–30, 216, 257n49, 265n55, 275n72; plantation house interpretations, 10, 12, 31, 241n52, 277n46; sexual violence against, 139–40, 142, 274n72; see also Wilson, Woodrow: slavery ambivalence
  • Smalls, Robert, 106, 111, 173, 233
  • Page 331 →Smith, Ellison D. “Cotton Ed,” 22, 209, 211, 290n65
  • Smith, Emily, 30, 36, 38, 40–43, 55, 132, 248n51, 250n65, 66, 249–50n67, 251n76, 252n81, 252n85, 253n87
  • Smithsonian Institution, 3, 15, 220, 238n11
  • social Darwinism, 174
  • social justice activism, 5, 8, 189
  • social studies standards (SC), 109
  • Sons of Confederate Veterans, 4, 34, 158, 241n55, 298n69
  • Sons of the American Revolution, 28
  • Sons of the Revolution, 28
  • South Africa, 180
  • South Carolina Board of Education, 106, 109, 111
  • South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 4
  • South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs, 34
  • South Carolina Historical Commission, 33, 35
  • South Carolina State Museum, 4–5, 158, 231
  • southern exceptionalism, 212, 224
  • southern nationalism, 85–86
  • Southern Popular Front, 178–79, 231
  • Southern Poverty Law Center, 111, 147, 270n9, 274n7, 278n78
  • Southern Presbyterian Church, 52, 60
  • southern tourism, 29
  • Staunton Historic Home Museum. See Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum (WWPLM)
  • Steedman, Carolyn Kay, 205
  • Stevens, Matt, 153–54
  • Stickney, Pris, 80, 89, 98, 100, 109, 124, 210, 213, 295n37
  • Storm, Cyndy, 72, 74, 78–80, 109, 114, 136, 159, 165, 210, 216
  • Stowe, Harriet Beecher: 119, 188–89; see also Harriet Beecher Stowe Center
  • streakers (museum visitors), 80
  • Strom Thurmond monument, 141
  • studiers (museum visitors), 80
  • Sturken, Marita, 168
  • Swails, Stephen Atkins, 103–4
  • systemic racism, 1, 11–13, 163, 165
  • Taft, William, 47, 49
  • Taylor, Alrutheus Ambush, 182
  • Taylor, Breonna, 12
  • Taylor, Zachary, 46
  • Tennessee Historical Commission, 163
  • Thirteenth Amendment, 3, 47, 66
  • Thurmond, Strom, 141
  • Tilden, Freeman, 185
  • Tilden, Samuel, 160
  • Tillman, Benjamin Ryan “Pitchfork Ben,” 22, 155, 158, 167, 204, 209, 211, 213, 278n85
  • Township Auditorium, 31–32, 231, 255n11
  • Trotter, William Monroe, 65, 197
  • Trump, Donald J., 12–13, 145–46, 160, 165–68, 169, 279n80
  • Trumpism, 147
  • Tubman, Harriet, 3
  • Turner Diaries, The, 166, 168–69
  • Turner, Frederick Jackson, 174
  • Turner, Nat, 3, 230
  • Twain, Mark, 188
  • Tyson, Amy M., 18, 113
  • Underground Railroad, 4
  • unemployment, 3, 179
  • Union County Slickers (SC), 154
  • Unite the Right Rally, 12, 168, 230, 290n79
  • United Confederate Veterans, 158
  • United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), 32–33, 41, 47, 149–50, 158, 245n21, 268n99
  • United States Colored Troops, 179
  • US Department of Defense, 165, 277–78n78
  • US Department of Homeland Security, 147, 274n7
  • US Federal Reserve, 199, 211
  • USC Center for Civil Rights History, 231
  • USC History Center, 231
  • Vagnone, Franklin, 23, 62–63, 77, 243n75, 255n18, 257n35, 258n71, 261n13, 267n82, 275n72, 290n70
  • van Iersel, Betty, 44, 132
  • Vaughan, Charles, 111
  • Vivian, Daniel J., 9, 207, 241n46

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