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Rebirth: Creating the Museum of the Reconstruction Era and the Future of the House Museum: Bibliography

Rebirth: Creating the Museum of the Reconstruction Era and the Future of the House Museum
Bibliography

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. List of Illustrations
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Introduction
  9. Part I. Bait and Switch?
    1. Chapter 1: Building Shrines: Women Gatekeepers and Making the President Southern
      1. The Woodrow Wilson Family Home’s Origins as Presidential Shrine
      2. The Virginians
      3. The Mausoleum and President Woodrow Wilson House
      4. A New Shrine for the Twenty-First Century
      5. Joseph Wilson’s Career and Making a Southern Family
    2. Chapter 2: The Rebirth: Making the Museum of the Reconstruction Era
      1. A Brief Synopsis of the Tour
      2. Walking in the Footsteps of the President
      3. Objecting to Objects
      4. Death of the Docent?
    3. Chapter 3: Docent Training: Unlearning the Lost Cause and Reconstruction Memory
      1. Designing the Training
      2. Docent Response to Training
      3. Evaluating the Docents
      4. “You Cannot Please Everybody”: Rejecting the Interpretation
      5. Who Makes the Best Docent?
  10. Part II. Interpreting Silences, Violence, and Memories
    1. Chapter 4: Aren’t I a Citizen? Interpreting the Lives of Black Women and Domestic Workers in Historic House Museums
      1. The Problem of White Privilege: Language and Cultural Sensitivity Training
      2. A Labor of Love and Sorrow: Interpreting the Lives of Domestic Workers
    2. Chapter 5: Interpreting Domestic Terror: Reconstruction’s Violent End in the Twenty-First Century
      1. A Brief History of White Supremacy and Its Paramilitary Forces
      2. Women, Public History, and White Supremacy
      3. Challenging White Supremacy through Material Culture: The Red Shirt and Tissue Ballot
    3. Chapter 6: Interpreting the Craft: Doing Reconstruction History
      1. A Difficult Transition: From Political Terrorism to a White Supremacist Narrative of Reconstruction
    4. Chapter 7: (Re)Writing History with Lightning: Interpreting Memory and White Supremacy
      1. Rewriting History with Lightning: Crafting the Legacy of Woodrow Wilson and Reconstruction
      2. Birth of a Problem
      3. Reliving the Past and Nationalizing Columbia’s Reconstruction History
      4. Rebirth of a Problem
      5. Racism in Degrees: Interpreting Wilson and White Supremacy
      6. But What about Gone with the Wind? Conclusions and the Act of Letting Go
  11. Conclusion. The Public’s Response to the MoRE
  12. Notes
  13. Bibliography
  14. Index

Page 301 →Bibliography

Primary Sources

Docent Oral Histories and Surveys

  • Bacon-Rogers, Heather. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Bacon-Rogers, Heather. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, March 4, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Brazier, Halie. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Brazier, Halie. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, January 27, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Clark, John. First Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, January 27, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Clark, John. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Clark, John. Second Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, February 11, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Docent Doe. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, February 17, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Gunter, Jennifer. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Gunter, Jennifer. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, March 27, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Hogan, Kathy. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Hogan, Kathy. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, February 16, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Holmes, Erin. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Lee, Casey. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, March 27, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Menne, Katie. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Morgan, Jean. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Page 302 →Morgan, Jean. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, January 25, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Richardson, Margie. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Schneider, Maria. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Scott, Bernadette. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Stickney, Pris. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Stickney, Pris. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, January 28, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Storm, Cyndy. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Storm, Cyndy. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, February 4, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Weir, Anne. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Westcott, Holly. “Historic Columbia Docent Survey for Jen Taylor’s Dissertation,” 2016.
  • Westcott, Holly. Interview by Jennifer Whitmer Taylor. Digital recording, February 26, 2016. Docents of the Woodrow Wilson Home Museum Oral History Collection. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.

Woodrow Wilson Family Home Scripts (Authored by Jennifer Taylor)

  • “WWFH Interpretation Adult Tour Jen’s Revision.” Historic Columbia, December 10, 2013.
  • “WWFH Interpretation Adult Tour Jen’s Dec 30 Revision.” Historic Columbia, December 30, 2013.
  • “Woodrow Wilson Family Home Adult Tour Script.” Historic Columbia, January 2, 2014.
  • “WWFH Interpretation Adult Tour 01 10 14 Post Volunteer.” Historic Columbia, January 10, 2014.
  • “WWFH Interpretation Adult Tour 01 31 14 Working Draft.” Historic Columbia, January 31, 2014.
  • “WWFH Interpretation Adult Tour 02 04 14 Working Draft.” Historic Columbia, February 4, 2014.
  • “Woodrow Wilson Family Home Adult Tour Script.” Historic Columbia, February 6, 2014.
  • “WWFH Interpretation Adult Tour Second Training Version.” Historic Columbia, April 2014.
  • “Woodrow Wilson Family Home Adult Tour Script.” Historic Columbia, June 13, 2014.

Page 303 →Docent Tour Evaluations

  • Freed, Fielding. “Docent P Tour Review.” April 18, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent B Tour Review.” February 20, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent D Tour Review.” February 24, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent F Tour Review.” March 4, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent G Tour Review.” March 6, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent H Tour Review.” March 12, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent N Tour Review.” October 30, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann. “Docent O Tour Review.” n.d. Historic Columbia.
  • Posner, Ann, and Jennifer Taylor. “Docent P Tour Review.” February 11, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Quint, James. “Docent C Tour Review.” February 20, 2014. Historic Columbia
  • Sherrer, John. “Docent P Tour Review.” June 4, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent A Tour Review.” February 10, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent B Tour Review.” February 20, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent E Tour Review.” February 28, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent G Tour Review.” March 20, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent H Tour Review.” March 12, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent I Tour Review.” March 17, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent J Tour Review.” April 2, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent K Tour Review.” October 30, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent L Tour Review.” June 6, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent M Tour Review.” August 21, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent P Tour Review.” March 26, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent P Tour Review.” June 4, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent Q Tour Review.” October 1, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent R Tour Review.” July 24, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent S Informal Tour Review.” June 18, 2014. Historic Columbia.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Docent S Tour Review.” July 18, 2014. Historic Columbia.

Manuscript Collections

  • Dreher, Jennie Clarkson. Papers. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • DuBose, Louise Jones. Interview by Office of Oral History, South Caroliniana Library. Audio recording, September 21, 1981. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Smith, Emily P. Papers. The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia.
  • Wilson, Edith Bolling. Papers. The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia.
  • Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home Records. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Woodrow Wilson Family Home Files. Historic Columbia, Columbia, South Carolina. Includes all visitor evaluation data from Survey Monkey, email correspondence, and internal documents, except scripts and docent tour evaluations, created during my time as Woodrow Wilson Family Home tour facilitator.
  • Page 304 →Woodrow Wilson Memorial MS. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.

Films, Media, and Images

  • The Birth of a Nation. Directed by D.W. Griffith. 1915. MPEG video, 180 min. https://archive.org.
  • The Birth of a Nation. Directed by Nate Parker. 2016. 20th Century Fox, 2017. DVD, 120 min.
  • The Butler. Directed by Lee Daniels. 2013. Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2014. DVD, 132 min.
  • Django Unchained. Directed by Quentin Tarantino. 2012. Weinstein Company, 2013. DVD, 165 min.
  • Forrest Gump. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. 1994. Paramount, 2001. DVD, 142 min. Free State of Jones. Directed by Gary Ross. 2016. Universal Studios, 2016. DVD, 142 min.
  • Gone with the Wind. Directed by Victor Fleming. 1939. Warner Home Video, 2010. DVD, 233 min.
  • Harris & Ewing, photographer. Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, full-length portrait, standing, facing front, hands behind waist. ca. 1913. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov
  • Kornegay, Lee Ann. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson and Reconstruction. Digital video exhibit. Historic Columbia, 2015. https://www.youtube.com.
  • Kornegay, Lee Ann. 13th, 14th & 15th Amendments. Digital video exhibit. Historic Columbia, 2015. https://www.youtube.com.
  • Nast, Thomas. “One Vote Less”—Richmond Whig, 1872. Art and Picture Collection, New York Public Library. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org.
  • Nast, Thomas. The Union as It Was—The Lost Cause, Worse Than Slavery. Cartoon, 1874. Harper’s Weekly, October 24, 1874, 848. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. http://www.loc.gov.
  • Ogden, Harry, Artist. South Carolina—The November election—The dead-lock in the state legislature at Columbia / from sketches by Harry Ogden. South Carolina Columbia, 1876. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov.
  • Rebirth of a Nation. Directed by DJ Spooky. 2004. Starz Productions, 2007. DVD, 140 min.
  • Twelve Years a Slave. Directed by Steve McQueen. 2013. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2014. DVD, 134 min.
  • “Wade Hampton Day, Boy Scouts—Czarnitzki—Home Movies.” Directed by William Esper Czarnitzki. December 14, 1926. Video/H264, 15 min. https://digital.tcl.sc.edu.
  • Wilson Family. Photograph. 1892. Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia. https://presidentwilson.org.
  • Within Our Gates. Directed by Oscar Micheaux. 1919. MPEG video, 79 min. https://archive.org.

Newspapers and Magazines

  • Aljazeera America
  • AP News
  • The Atlantic
  • Page 305 →Baltimore Sun
  • BBC News
  • CBS News
  • Columbia (SC) Star
  • CNN
  • Charlotte Observer
  • Columbia (SC) Daily Register
  • Columbia (SC) Free Times
  • Daily Camera (Boulder, CO)
  • The Hill
  • Jacobin
  • Los Angeles Times
  • Mother Jones
  • The Nation
  • National Public Radio
  • NBC News
  • New York Times
  • PBS NewsHour
  • Politico
  • Charleston (SC) Post and Courier
  • Reuters
  • SC Patch (Irmo-Seven Oaks)
  • Smithsonian Magazine
  • The State (Columbia, SC)
  • USA Today College
  • US News & World Report
  • Vice
  • Washington Post

Museum Websites and Tours

  • Egner, Kate. “Ann Pamela Cunningham.” The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington. Accessed March 10, 2017. http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/ann-pamela-cunningham/.
  • Emily Dickinson Museum. “Emily and Sue.” Accessed July 11, 2023. https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org.
  • Emily Dickinson Museum. “Visit—Emily Dickinson Museum.” Accessed July 11, 2023. https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org.
  • Equal Justice Initiative. “Criminal Justice Reform.” Accessed July 21, 2023. https://eji.org.
  • Explore Mitchelville. “About Us,” June 16, 2021. https://exploremitchelville.org.
  • Explore Mitchelville. Accessed June 16, 2021. https://exploremitchelville.org.
  • Explore Mitchelville. https://exploremitchelville.org/timeline/mitchelville-today/. Accessed November 8, 2023.
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. “A Non-traditional Museum.” Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org.
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. “Board.” Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org.
  • Page 306 →Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. “More Programs.” Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org.
  • Healy, John McD. “November 2022 Year End Update.” NC History Center on the Civil War, Emancipation and Reconstruction, November 25, 2022. https://nccivilwarcenter.org.
  • Herzberg, Stephanie. Guided Tour. Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home. Augusta, Georgia, May 28, 2015.
  • Historic Columbia. “Wade Hampton III Monument.” Accessed July 6, 2021. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • Historic Columbia. “Modjeska Monteith Simkins House.” Accessed July 20, 2023. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • Historic Columbia. “Hampton-Preston Mansion and Gardens.” Accessed August 3, 2021. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • Historic Columbia. “1615 Blanding Street.” Accessed June 8, 2023. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • Historic Columbia. “Hampton-Preston Turns 200.” Accessed February 4, 2023. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • Historic Columbia. “House Tours.” Accessed February 4, 2023. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • National Constitution Center. “Civil War and Reconstruction: The Battle for Freedom and Equality.” Constitution Center. Accessed December 23, 2023. https://constitutioncenter.org.
  • National Park Service. “Discover the Reconstruction Era National Historic Network.” Reconstruction Era. Accessed December 23, 2023. https://www.nps.gov.
  • National Park Service. “Washington’s Headquarters.” Valley Forge National Historical Park. Accessed November 18, 2021. https://www.nps.gov.
  • National Trust for Historic Preservation. “The President Woodrow Wilson House,” August 2, 2021. https://savingplaces.org.
  • NC Civil War Center. “Groundbreaking Ceremony Speeches.” Accessed December 23, 2023. https://nccivilwarcenter.org.
  • NC History Center on the Civil War, Emancipation and Reconstruction. “Community Foundation Announces $500,000 Grant Investment,” March 14, 2014. https://nccivilwarcenter.org.
  • New York State Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. “Washington’s Headquarters State Historic Site.” Accessed November 18, 2021. https://parks.ny.gov.
  • Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project. “Anna Morris Holstein.” Accessed November 18, 2021. https://paconservationheritage.org.
  • Phillips, Andrew. “Behind-the-Scenes Tour of the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum.” Guided tour. Staunton, Virginia, June 18, 2015.
  • Polhill, Cynthia. “Behind-the-Scenes Tour of the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum.” Guided tour. Staunton, Virginia, June 18, 2015.
  • Polhill, Cynthia. Guided tour. Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum Manse. Staunton, Virginia, June 18, 2015.
  • President Woodrow Wilson House. “About Us.” President Wilson House. Accessed November 22, 2021. https://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org.
  • President Woodrow Wilson House. “Tours.” President Wilson House. Accessed June 23, 2023. https://woodrowwilsonhouse.org.
  • Sons of Confederate Veterans Camp 36. “The Red Shirt.” Museum and Library of Confederate History, n.d. Accessed February 2, 2024. http://www.confederatemuseum.org.
  • Page 307 →South Carolina Department of Archives and History. “South Carolina’s Reconstruction: A Digital Exhibit.” June 16, 2021. https://scdah.sc.gov.
  • South Carolina Department of Archives and History. “Constitutional Convention, Article 10, S 131081,” 1868.
  • South Carolina ETV. “40 Acres and a Mule.” Reconstruction 360. Accessed January 31, 2022. https://reconstruction360.org.
  • South Carolina ETV. “A Seat at the Table.” Reconstruction 360. Accessed January 31, 2022. https://reconstruction360.org.
  • South Carolina State Museum. “Fourth Floor Galleries.” Accessed December 29, 2023. https://scmuseum.org.
  • South Carolina State Museum. “South Carolina and Reconstruction: A Virtual 360 Exhibit.” South Carolina State Museum. Accessed January 3, 2024. https://www.scmuseum.org.
  • Toegel, Alex. Guided tour. President Woodrow Wilson House. Washington, DC, June 20, 2015.
  • Whitney Plantation. “Tours of Whitney Plantation Museum.” Accessed July 26, 2022. https://www.whitneyplantation.org.
  • Woodrow Wilson: His Life and Times. Exhibit. The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum, Staunton, Virginia, June 2015.
  • Woodrow Wilson Family Home. Exhibit. Historic Columbia, Columbia, SC. June 2015.

Other

  • Álvarez, Brenda. “Are Today’s Voter Suppression Laws the New Jim Crow?” National Education Association, January 16, 2022. https://www.nea.org.
  • Baker, Ray Stannard. Youth 1856–1890. Vol. 1 of Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1927.
  • Beirich, Heidi. “Testimony of Heidi L. Beirich, Ph.D. Co-Founder Global Project Against Hate and Extremism, ‘Alarming Incidents of White Supremacy in the Military—How to Stop It?,’” February 11, 2020. https://www.congress.gov.
  • Brennan Center for Justice. “It’s Official: The Election Was Secure.” Brennan Center, December 11, 2020. https://www.brennancenter.org.
  • Brooks, Lecia. “SPLC Testifies before Congress on Alarming Incidents of White Supremacy in the Military.” Testimony before the Subcommittee on Military Personnel. Southern Poverty Law Center, February 11, 2020. https://www.splcenter.org.
  • Cascone, Sarah. “The Museum Heist Scene in ‘Black Panther’ Adds Fuel to the Debate about African Art Restitution.” Artnet, March 5, 2018. https://news.artnet.com.
  • Courson, Sen. John E., Sen. Darrell Jackson Sr., and Sen. Greg Hembree. “Senate Education Oversight Subcommittee Summary Report on the SC Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum.” Senate of South Carolina, March 2016. https://www.scstatehouse.gov/CommitteeInfo/SenateEducationCommittee/.
  • Grimmer, Justin. “No Evidence for Voter Fraud: A Guide to Statistical Claims About the 2020 Election.” Text. Hoover Institution, February 3, 2021. https://www.hoover.org.
  • Oliphant, Mary C. Simms. The Simms History of South Carolina. Columbia: State Company, 1932.
  • Oliphant, Mary C. Simms, Mary C. Simms Oliphant Furman, and W. Gilmore Simms Oliphant. The History of South Carolina. Columbia: Laidlaw Brothers, 1970.
  • Page 308 →Perry, Andrew M., Marshall Steinbaum, and Carl Romer. “Student Loans, the Racial Wealth Divide, and Why We Need Full Student Debt Cancellation.” Brookings, June 23, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu.
  • Sanborn Map Company. “Image 56 of Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Columbia, Richland County, South Carolina.” Image. Library of Congress, 1919. https://www.loc.gov.
  • Spearman, Molly M. “South Carolina Social Studies College-and Career-Ready Standards.” Columbia: South Carolina Department of Education, 2019. https://ed.sc.gov.
  • State of California. “Governor Newsom Statement on Constitutional Amendment to Repeal Prop. 8.” California Governor, February 15, 2023. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2023/02/14/governor-newsom-statement-on-constitutional-amendment-to-repeal-prop-8/.
  • Taylor, Jennifer. “Woodrow Wilson Family Home Trends.” PowerPoint. Historic Columbia, January 12, 2015.
  • Waites, Robin. “Robin Waites Announces Retirement from Historic Columbia in June 2024.” Historic Columbia, October 19, 2023. https://www.historiccolumbia.org.
  • Watermeier, Daniel J., ed. Between Actor and Critic: Selected Letters of Edwin Booth and William Winter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
  • Wearn & Hix. Woodrow Wilson, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Right. Still image, 1873. https://www.loc.gov.
  • Wilson, Woodrow. Presidential Papers Microfilm. Washington: Library of Congress, 1969. Thomas Cooper Library Microforms, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
  • Wilson, Woodrow. “The Reconstruction of the Southern States.” In The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Authorized Edition, edited by Ray Stannard Baker and William Edward Dodd, 2:368–95. College and State: Educational, Literary and Political Papers (1875–1913). New York: Kraus Reprint, 1970.
  • Writers’ Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of South Carolina. South Carolina: The WPA Guide to the Palmetto State. Edited by Walter B. Edgar. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
  • Zais, Mick. “South Carolina Social Studies Academic Standards.” Columbia: South Carolina Department of Educations, 2011. https://artsandsciences.sc.edu.

Secondary Sources

  • Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2012.
  • Ambar, Saladin. “Woodrow Wilson: Life Before the Presidency.” Miller Center, October 4, 2016. https://millercenter.org.
  • Ambrosius, Lloyd E. “Woodrow Wilson and The Birth of a Nation: American Democracy and International Relations.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 18, no. 4 (December 2007): 689–718.
  • American Association for State and Local History. “Woodrow Wilson Family Home: A Museum of Reconstruction in Columbia and Richland County.” Accessed December 23, 2023. https://aaslh.org.
  • American Civil Liberties Union. “Mass Incarceration.” Accessed July 21, 2023. https://www.aclu.org.
  • Page 309 →American Legion Auxiliary. “History.” American Legion Auxiliary. Accessed January 7, 2024. https://www.legion-aux.org.
  • Anderson, Christian K., and Jason C. Darby. “Richard T. Greener at the Reconstruction-Era University.” In Invisible No More: The African American Experience at the University of South Carolina, edited by Robert Greene II and Tyler D. Parry, 51–72. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2021.
  • Andrew, Rod, Jr. Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior to Southern Redeemer. Civil War America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
  • Ayers, Edward L. What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History. New York: Norton, 2005.
  • Baker, Bruce E. This Mob Will Surely Take My Life: Lynchings in the Carolinas, 1871–1947. London: Continuum, 2008.
  • Baker, Bruce E. What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007.
  • Baker, Bruce E. “Whom Is Reconstruction For?” In Domby and Lewis, Freedoms Gained and Lost, 17-38.
  • Baker, Bruce E., and Elaine S. Frantz. “Against Synthesis: Diverse Approaches to the History of Reconstruction.” In Reinterpreting Southern Histories: Essays in Historiography, edited by Craig Thompson Friend and Lorri Glover, 218–44. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2020.
  • Behrend, Justin. “Facts and Memories: John R. Lynch and the Revising of Reconstruction History in the Era of Jim Crow.” Journal of African American History 97, no. 4 (2012): 427–48.
  • Beirich, Heidi. “The Struggle for the Sons of Confederate Veterans: A Return to White Supremacy in the Early Twenty-First Century?” In Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction, edited by Euan Hague, Edward H. Sebesta, and Heidi Beirich, 280–308. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008.
  • Belew, Kathleen. Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018.
  • Benbow, Mark E. “Birth of a Quotation: Woodrow Wilson and ‘Like Writing History with Lightning.’” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, no. 4 (October 2010): 509–33.
  • Benfield, Jacob A., Robert D. Jakubowski, William J. Szlemko, Ross J. Loomis, Juti Winchester, and Robert Pickering. “An ‘Honest Visionary’ and ‘Dishonest Scallywag’: Blending Fact, Opinion, and Interest into a Front-End Evaluation.” Visitor Studies 11, no. 1 (March 2008): 55–72.
  • Bennett, Tony. The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics. New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Berg, Andrew Scott. Wilson. New York: Putnam, 2013.
  • Berry, Daina Ramey, and Kali Nicole Gross. A Black Women’s History of the United States. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2020.
  • Bertellini, Giorgio. The Divo and the Duce: Promoting Film Stardom and Political Leadership in 1920s America. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019.
  • Blank, Christopher. “Do the Words ‘Race Riot’ Belong on a Historic Marker in Memphis?” NPR.org, May 2, 2016. http://www.npr.org.
  • Blee, Kathleen M. Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  • Bleick, Charles. “A Volunteer in Art Education: The Art Museum Docent.” Art Education 33, no. 1 (January 1980): 19–20.
  • Page 310 →Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • Bodnar, John E. Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Bond, Beverly Greene, and Susan Eva O’Donovan. Remembering the Memphis Massacre: An American Story. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2020.
  • Brown, Katherine L. The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum Staunton, Virginia. Staunton, VA: Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Foundation, 2009.
  • Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
  • Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. “Introduction.” In Remembering Reconstruction: Struggles Over the Meaning of America’s Most Turbulent Era, edited by Carole Emberton and Bruce E. Baker, 1–14. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017.
  • Burns, Andrea. From Storefront to Monument: Tracing the Public History of the Black Museum Movement. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013.
  • Cardyn, Lisa. “Sexualized Racism/Gendered Violence: Outraging the Body Politic in the Reconstruction South.” Michigan Law Review 100, no. 4 (February 1, 2002): 675–867.
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