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Page 185 →Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
- accountability, 98–100
- accumulatio, 38
- activism: Black spaces and, 17; of Black women, through time, 20–23; collaborative, 15; exemplars and, 29, 44–45; feelings and, 112, 166n30; gratitude, joy, and, 112; Homespun Heroines and, 106; memory activism, defined, 3; memory work as groundwork for, 7, 134–35; New Negro Movement and, 108; public address and, 36; religious, 30–31; spheres of, 150n66; suffrage movement, 44, 83, 84–85, 157n7
- Adams, Agnes, 121
- Adams, John, 41
- affiliation, 112
- Afrafuturist feminism, 25, 80
- Afro-nostalgia, 12–13, 115, 149n49
- agency: in Black feminist thought, 14–15, 73–74, 77; defined, 57–58; memory work and, 8–9; WCRW and, 57–58, 73–78
- Ahad-Legardy, Badia, 12–13, 114–15, 149n49
- Alabama State Teachers’ Association, 47
- Allen, Brenda J., 15
- ambiguity, rhetorical: Burke on resources of, 52–53; exemplars and, 32–33, 35–38, 45, 52–53
- American Baptist Convention, 38, 43
- Amponsah, Emma-Lee, 54
- ancestor acknowledgment, 46, 114, 129, 170n131
- “And Still I Rise” (Angelou), 132
- Anderson, Benedict, 16
- Andrews-Hill, Caroline Sherman, 117
- Angelou, Maya, 132
- Anthony, Susan B., 84
- Aristotle, 34, 164n43
- Arthos, John, 34, 53
- audience: diverse, 42–44, 46; exemplars and, 27–29, 34–35, 42, 53; memories of enslavement at WCRW and, 69–73; memory work and, 16–17, 46, 49, 137–38; pleasure as dissolving barriers with, 116; “promiscuous,” 39; rhetorical strategies and, 3, 32, 104; skeptical, 42; uptake and, 34, 153n31
- “Aunt Mac” (Hannah MacDonald), 107, 119, 125–27, 170n120
- “Awakening of the Afro-American Woman, The” (Matthews), 1–2
- Baker, Augusta, 23–24, 87, 151n93
- Baker, Houston A., Jr., 10–11, 17, 133
- Baldwin, Maria Louise, 119, 123–24
- Behling, Laura L., 158n10, 160n46
- Bethune, Mary McLeod, 23–24, 47–48, 107
- biblical women as exemplars, 37–41
- Bierria, Alisa, 149n53
- Biesecker, Barbara, 151n95
- biography, Black, 108. See also Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction
- “Black Mammy” monument: accountability to stakeholders, 98–100; background events, 83–87; critical memory work and, 81–83, 101, 103–4; debate over, 87–88; future generations, commemoration for, 100–103; proposal for, 81; public memory, rhetoric of commemorative stewardship, and, 88–90; public responsibility as good will, 90–94; sacred value, 94–98
- Page 186 →Black studies, 10–14
- Black Womanhood, 52
- Blackness, 115, 165n3
- Blair, Carole, 6
- Blight, David, 8, 60, 69, 148n26, 159n36
- Booth, Alison, 107, 108, 109–10, 166n20
- Brock, André, Jr., 114–15
- Brooks, Van Wyck, 150n73
- Browdy, Ronisha, 4, 135–36, 149n50
- Brown, Charlotte Hawkins, 82, 91, 93, 98, 99, 102, 104
- Brown, Frances Jane, 117
- Brown, Hallie Quinn, 68; about, 60; Bits and Odds, 107, 166n6; “Black Mammy” monument, response to, 82, 92–93, 96–97, 99–100, 101, 102, 104; in “Colored American Day,” Chicago World’s Fair, 159n24; exemplars and, 47–48, 50–51; Homespun Heroines and, 105, 107, 109–10, 115–16, 118–21, 123–27; at WCRW, 55–56; WCRW inclusion/exclusion and, 59; WCRW speech, 66–67, 72–73, 75
- Brown, Michael, 113
- “Burden of the Educated Colored Woman, The” (Laney), 43–44
- Burke, Kenneth, 52
- Burkett, Randall K., 107, 117, 122, 123, 169n100
- Burns, Lucy, 83
- Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs, 4, 151n95
- Cannady, Beatrice Morrow, 44, 155n77
- Carby, Hazel, 157n5
- Ceccarelli, Leah, 32
- Chicago World’s Fair, 55, 60, 78. See also World’s Congress of Representative Women
- Christine de Pizan, 31, 33, 34–35
- “Chronopolitics of Racial Time, The” (Mills), 165n74
- churches, 113
- class: “Black” dialect and, 164n55; “Black Mammy” monument and, 97, 98; Black middle class, 7, 22, 48–49, 92, 94, 96–99, 106, 153n38; dancing and, 113–14; respectability discourse and, 128; Williams and, 160n46
- Collins, Patricia Hill, 14–15, 25, 29, 30, 57
- Colpean, Michelle, 140
- commemorative stewardship: accountability and, 98–100; future generations and, 100–103; public memory and rhetoric of, 88–90; public responsibility and, 90–94; sacred value and, 94–98
- community memory work: critical memory work and, 17–19, 137; defined, 3, 16–17; exemplars and, 28, 37, 45–46; Homespun Heroines as, 106, 110–11, 128–29; Woodson (Early) and, 131–32
- conditional arguments, 92–94
- Confederate memorialization, 20, 86, 88–89
- contextual fields, 9, 29, 139–40, 171n23
- Cook, Mary V., 38–41, 43, 45, 154n50
- cookbooks, 110–11
- Cooper, Anna Julia, 64; about, 60; exemplars and, 50–51; at WCRW, 55–56; WCRW speech, 63–64, 71, 74–75
- Cooper, Brittney, 29, 59–60, 73
- Coppin, Fanny J., 66; about, 60; in Homespun Heroines, 117–18; at WCRW, 55–56; WCRW speech, 64–65, 75–76
- Corrigan, Lisa M., 112, 166n30
- counterpublic discourse, 17
- Cowan, B. B., 87
- Cox, Dinah, 117, 168n59
- “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere” (Baker), 10–11
- critical memory work: Baker on, 10–11; “Black Mammy” monument and, 81–83, 101; commemorative stewardship and, 89; community memory work and, 17–19, 137; defined, 3, 17; exemplars and, 37; Hannah-Jones and, 132–34; WCRW speeches and, 73, 78–80; Young on, 103
- critique: ambiguity of exemplars and, 33; biblical women exemplars and, 40; commemorative, 78–80, 103–4; reframing memory beyond, 15–16; rhetorical power of consistent critique, 82–83
- cultural mythology, Black, 11–12, 13, 46, 114
- Curtis, A. M., 59
- Cvetkovich, Ann, 112
- dancing, 113
- Davidson, Olivia, 46–47
- Davis, Olga Idriss, 4, 15, 24–25, 136
- Davis, Patricia, 4, 57, 110–11
- Page 187 →Davis, Shardé, 73–74
- Deborah the judge (biblical figure), 38, 40
- deixis, rhetorical theory of, 160n58
- dialect, “Black,” 93–94, 164n55
- Dickinson, Greg, 6
- Dingo, Rebecca, 140
- disremembering, 89
- Douglass, Anna Murray, 46, 48–49
- Douglass, Frederick, 35, 48, 157n2, 160n54
- Du Bois, W. E. B., 84, 109
- DuCille, Ann, 29
- Dunbar, Ulric Stonewall Jackson, 86
- Dunn, Damaris, 112
- Early, Sarah J. Woodson, 67; about, 59–60; Ohio Colored Teachers’ Association speech (1863), 18–19, 131–32; WCRW speech, 55, 65–66, 71–72, 76–77
- education: Brown on Coppin’s struggle for, 118; Brown on funding for “Mammy” memorial vs., 93, 99, 102; Coppin on, 64–65, 75–76; Hackley and, 123; historical, 134; historically Black colleges and universities, 126, 133–34; Woodson (Early) and, 131–32. See also teachers, Black
- Elston, Sarah, 47
- emancipation as zero point, 60–69
- Emancipation Day celebrations, 22
- Emmons, Robert A., 114
- enclave publics, 17, 82
- episteme, 34
- Esther, Queen (biblical figure), 38, 40, 53
- ethos, commemorative, 90
- Eve (biblical figure), 39
- Eves, Rosalyn Collings, 4, 57, 110–11
- exemplars: about, 27–29, 36–37; biblical women, 37–41; Black American women, 45–52; definition of, 31; historical women, 41–42; Homespun Heroines and, 106; as rhetorical strategy, 29–36, 52–54; simplistic, 33; White contemporary women, 42–45
- Fauset, Jessie Redmon, 20, 23, 87, 109, 151n81
- Fayerweather, Sarah Harris, 118 feminine virtues, traditional: Cannady and, 44; Cook and, 40–41; historical exemplars and, 42; Sprague and, 48–49
- feminist thought, Black: about, 14, 149n50, 152n2; Afrafuturist, 25, 80; agency in, 14–15, 73–74, 77; collaborative activism in, 15; commemorative critique and, 78–80; exemplars as rhetorical strategy, 29–36; historical continuity, 134; Homespun Heroines and, 106, 111; intersectionality and, 14, 16, 29; memory work and, 8, 24–25, 137; pluralism of rhetoric and, 136; reframing memory beyond critique, 15–16; self-definition and self-determination in, 149n53; WCRW and critical memory work, 56–57
- Fleming, Sarah L., 107
- Flores, Lisa, 25
- forgetting held in reserve, 25, 139, 165n3
- futurity: Afrafuturist feminism, 25, 80; in Black feminist thought, 74; exemplars and, 28–29, 45, 48, 52–54; future generations, commemoration for, 100–103; Homespun Heroines and, 105–6; Mills’s “The Chronopolitics of Racial Time,” 165n74; public memory and, 6; slavery and, 2; storehouse of memory and, 24, 27, 30, 138–39; WCRW speeches and, 63–64, 67–68, 73–74, 76–78. See also progress
- Hackley, Emma Azalia, 122–23
- Hagar (biblical figure), 40
- Hall, Ashley R., 25, 80, 134
- Hampton, Timothy, 31
- Hampton Negro Conference, 43
- Hannah (biblical figure), 40
- Hannah-Jones, Nikole, 15–16, 132–34, 162n119
- Harlem Renaissance. See New Negro Movement
- Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 69; about, 59; Cook and, 154n50; “Ethiopia,” 66; as exemplar, 44, 46, 51; exemplars and, 46, 49–50; in Homespun Heroines, Page 188 →117–18, 120; visibility of, 23; at WCRW, 55–56; WCRW leadership and, 159n23; WCRW speech, 68, 77, 157n7; “We Are All Bound Up Together,” 49–50; on “women’s era,” 22
- Harris, Trudier, 153n20
- Haynes, Elizabeth Ross, 109
- Heller, Agnes, 112
- Herdt, Jennifer A., 31
- heroes, individuals as: Cooper on enslavement and, 74–75; significant role of, 13; Temple on hero dynamics, 32, 35–36, 118–19, 153n35, 161n78. See also exemplars
- Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks, 3, 30
- Hine, Darlene Clark, 3, 17, 21, 137
- historical reenactment, 110–11
- historically Black colleges and universities, 126, 133–34
- Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction (H. Brown): about, 105–8; Black biography and, 108–9; Brown as editor, 105, 107, 109–10; Brown’s introduction, 110, 115–16, 121; Brown’s sketches in, 118, 119–20, 123–27; as community memory work, 106, 110–11, 128–29; excellence, 121–27; joy and gratitude as communal feelings, 111–16; multibiography and, 109–11; the ordinary, the extraordinary, and gratitude, 119–21; struggle, memories of, 116–19
- hooks, bell, 140, 149n53
- Houdek, Matthew, 6, 7, 111, 138
- Houston, Marsha, 15
- Howard, Joan Imogen, 159n23
- Howard, Maude Nooks, 82, 93–94, 96, 102, 104
- Howard University, 133–34
- Howe, Julia Ward, 44, 169n92
- Hughes, Langston, 109, 151n81
- Huldah (biblical figure), 41
- Hunter, Tera W., 113
- Hurston, Zora Neale, 109, 113, 167n39
- Ladies’ Literary Society of New York, 46–47
- Laney, Lucy Craft, 42–43
- Lanham, Richard, 38
- Lewis, Edmonia, 51, 52
- Lewis, Florence, 157n2
- librarians, Black, 23–24
- Livermore, Mary, 44
- Logan, Rayford, 57, 158n10
- Logan, Shirley Wilson, 4, 49, 56
- Lorde, Audre, 14, 24
- Lost Cause narratives: “Black Mammy” monument and, 94; Glymph on, 151n77; memorialization and, 20, 86, 88–90
- Love, Bettina L., 112
- Lowenthal, David, 90
- “Lynch Law in All Its Phases” (Wells), 77
- lynchings, 85
- Lyons, Maritcha, 107, 118, 120–21
- Lyons, Mary, 41
- MacDonald, Hannah (“Aunt Mac”), 107, 119, 125–27, 170n120
- Maddux, Kristy, 60–61, 71, 158n10
- Madison, D. Soyini, 14
- Maha-Mahai, mother of Buddha, 41–42
- Majors, Monroe A., 108–9 “
- Mammies,” Black. See “Black Mammy” monument
- Marshall, M. M., 122–23
- Mary, mother of Christ, 41–42
- Page 189 →Mary and Martha of Bethany (biblical figures), 37, 40, 154nn40–41
- Mary Magdalene (biblical figure), 37–39, 154n41
- Mathews, Abigail, 36, 46–47
- Matthews, Victoria Earle, 1–2, 42, 43, 123
- McCormick, Samuel, 32
- McCullough, Michael E., 114
- McElya, Micki, 81, 83, 94
- memorialization. See commemorative stewardship; Confederate memorialization
- memory studies, 5
- memory work: affective dimensions of, 137; Black studies and, 10–14; concept of, 2–3, 7–8; exemplars and, 30–32; as groundwork for activism, 7, 134–35; public memory and, 7–9, 136–37; between Reconstruction and New Negro Movement, 19–24; time, rhetorical manipulations of, 138. See also community memory work; critical memory work
- Mills, Charles, 138, 165n74
- More, Hannah, 41
- Mossell, Gertrude E. H. Bustill, 108–9
- multibiography, 109–11, 166n20. See also Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction
- mutual aid societies, 21
- Nash, Jennifer C.: Black feminism as multiple, 152n2; “educated hope,” 76; exemplars and, 29; on future action, 25, 74; on intersectionality, 16; on self-determination, 14
- National American Woman Suffrage Association, 43, 51–52
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 44
- National Association of Colored Women (NACW), 47–48, 82, 99
- National Woman’s Party, 85
- National Women’s Rights Convention, 49
- Neu, Charles E., 83
- New Negro Movement (Harlem Renaissance), 19, 108, 109, 113, 151n81
- Nineteenth Amendment, 85
- Nora, Pierre, 54
- nostalgia: Ahad-Legardy on Afro-nostalgia, 12–13, 115, 149n49; “Black Mammy” monument and, 98; of Civil War, 69; King and, 10; White Southern, 23–24
- Noted Negro Women (Majors), 108–9
- Painter, Nell Irvin, 3
- Palmer, Mrs. Parker, 59
- Parrish, Mary E. Jones, 23, 87
- Patterson, Miss, 119
- Paul, Alice, 83
- Payne, Daniel A., 170n120
- Peterson, Carla L., 21–22, 150n66
- Phillips, Kendell R., 6, 7, 111
- Phoebe (biblical figure), 39
- phronesis, 34
- Phyllis Wheatley Young Women’s Christian Association (PWYWCA), 82, 92, 97–98, 99, 101, 104
- polysemy, 32
- Prasch, Allison, 160n58
- progress narratives: Chicago World’s Fair and, 78; emancipation as zero point for Black women, at WCRW, 61–69; racialized evolutionary narrative, 60; time, rhetorical manipulations of, 138
- “Progress of Colored Women, The” (Terrell), 51–52
- public feeling, 112, 114
- public memory: commemorative stewardship and, 88; emotional attachments and, 111–12; memory studies and, 5; memory work and, 7–9, 136–37; rhetorical approach to, 5–7; shifting Black people toward center of, 133; of slavery, contest for, 86
- Ray, Angela G., 135, 171n8
- Ray, Henrietta Cordelia, 118, 120–21
- Ray, Henrietta R., 47
- Red Summer (1919), 85, 109
- Reed, Christopher Robert, 58
- Page 190 →Remond, Sarah Parker, 19
- respectability, politics of: about, 30, 128; exemplars and, 30–31, 47; historical reenactment and, 111; Homespun Heroines and, 128; Williams and, 97, 160n46
- rhetorical criticism, functionalist approach to, 135, 171n8
- Ricks, Martha Ann, 124–25
- Ricoeur, Paul, 25, 54, 139, 165n3
- Roberts, Jane, 124–25
- Royster, Jacqueline Jones, 59
- Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, 22
- sacred value, 94–98
- Sainte-Beuve, Mademoiselle de, 41
- Samaritan woman at the well (biblical figure), 38
- sankofa, 11
- Sappho, 41
- Sarah (biblical figure), 40
- Scott, Joan Wallach, 8
- Scruggs, Lawson A., 108–9
- self-definition and self-determination, 14–15, 75–76, 149n53, 150n57
- self-representation, 30
- Shadd, Mary Ann, 37
- Shorter, Susie Lankford, 108, 121–22
- Simmel, Georg, 114
- 1619 Project (New York Times), 79, 133, 162n119
- slavery: Black cultural mythology and, 12; “Black Mammy” monument and, 90, 91, 96–97, 103; Chicago World’s Fair and, 58; education around, 79; Fugitive Slave Act, 117; Harper on Tubman and, 49; in Homespun Heroines and, 117–18; Matthews on, 2; memories of, 8, 20, 69–73, 86–87, 97, 148n26; as struggle, in Homespun Heroines, 117; thief metaphor, 72; White narratives of, 69–70; Williams on, 61–62. See also “Black Mammy” monument
- Smith, Amanda, 51
- Smith, Lucy Wilmot, 41–42
- Solari, Mary, 88, 100
- Sprague, Rosetta Douglass, 46, 48–49
- Squires, Catherine, 17, 137
- Staël, Germaine de, 41–42
- stakeholders, loyalty and accountability to, 98–100
- Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 84
- Stedman, Charles, 82, 87, 90–91, 104
- stewardship, commemorative. See commemorative stewardship
- Stewart, Lindsey, 113, 128, 167n39
- Stewart, Maria W., 27–29, 36–41, 45, 53, 170n127
- Stillion Southard, Belinda, 85
- Stokes, Ora B., 107
- Stone, Lucy, 44
- storehouse of memory: about, 25, 138–39; Brooks’s “usable past” and, 150n73; exemplars and, 27–30, 41, 42, 45, 49, 52–54; Homespun Heroines and, 106
- Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 43
- struggle, memories of, 116–19
- suffrage, 44, 83, 84–85, 157n7
- Talbert, Mary B., 47–48
- teachers, Black: Alabama State Teachers’ Association, 47; Cannady on, 44; community memory and, 23–24; exemplars, use of, 28; in Homespun Heroines, 105, 107, 123–24; Ohio Colored Teachers’ Association, 18–19, 131–32. See also education
- Temple, Christel N.: on ancestor acknowledgment, 46, 114, 129; on Black cultural mythology, 11–12, 13, 46, 114, 149n44; on death, 170n6; on hero dynamics, 32, 35–36, 118–19, 153n35, 161n78; on immortalization sensibility, 170n127
- Terborg-Penn, Roslyn, 84–85
- Terrell, Mary Church: “Black Mammy” monument, response to, 82, 87–88, 91–92, 95–96, 99–100, 101, 104; exemplars and, 42, 50–52; “Progress of Colored Women, The,” 51–52
- Thomas, Neval H., 87–88
- Thompson, Kathleen, 21
- time, rhetorical manipulations of, 138
- Trotter, William Monroe, 84
- True Womanhood ideals, 30, 39, 40, 45, 154n50
- Truth, Sojourner: as exemplar, 46, 51; in Homespun Heroines, 117, 119; on Mary Magdalene, 37–38
- Tubman, Harriet: as exemplar, 46, 49–50; in Homespun Heroines, 105, 107, 117–20
- Page 191 →Tulsa Black Wall Street massacre (1921), 85, 87, 109
- Tuskegee Institute, 60, 75
- United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), 20. See also “Black Mammy” monument
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 133
- uplift, racial: community memory work and, 3; Homespun Heroines and, 110, 127–28; imitation and, 161n100; musical, 123; Shorter’s “Glory, Glory, Hallelujah” and, 122; WCRW and, 158n10; in Williams WCRW speech, 71; women’s club movement and, 22–23
- usable pasts, 19, 150n73
- Walker, Alice, 14, 18
- Walker, Robbie Jean, 4
- Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly, 165n58
- Washington, Josephine Turpin, 110
- Watts, Eric King, 19, 108 “
- We Are All Bound Up Together” (Harper), 49–50
- Weimann, Jeanne Madeline, 78
- Wells, Ida B., 23, 58, 77, 133, 159n24
- Welter, Barbara, 30
- Wheatley, Phillis: clubs in honor of, 23, 87; as exemplar, 46, 51–52; in Homespun Heroines, 117–18, 119, 120; “On Recollection,” 17–18
- White, Rassie Hoskins, 88
- White memory, 2, 11, 20, 69–70, 106. See also “Black Mammy” monument
- White supremacy: 1619 Project and, 162n119; Black biography and, 108; Black joy and, 113, 114; Black rhetorical strategies and, 28; Black truthtelling and, 25, 79–80; Blackness “forgotten” by, 165n3; bodies of Black women and, 74; commemorative stewardship and, 90, 102; education on past obscured by, 138; “forgotten” presence of Blackness, 165n3; memory work and, 13, 16; slavery, memory of, 69–70; storehouse of memory and, 104; woman suffrage movement and, 84
- White women as exemplars, 42–45
- Wilberforce, Ohio, 126–27
- Willard, Frances, 43, 44
- Williams, Fannie B., 62; about, 60; at Congress on Africa (Chicago World’s Fair), 159n24; respectability politics and, 97, 160n46; at WCRW, 55–56, 157n5; WCRW inclusion/exclusion and, 59; WCRW speech, 61–63, 70–71, 74–77
- Wilson, Kirt, 32, 35, 135, 161n100
- Wilson, Woodrow, 83–84
- Windeyer, Margaret, 157n7
- womanhood ideals. See Black Womanhood; feminine virtues, traditional; True Womanhood ideals
- Women of Distinction (Scruggs), 108–9
- Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 48
- women’s club movement, Black, 22–23, 84
- “Women’s Place in the Work of the Denomination” (Cook), 38
- Woodson, Carter G., 109
- Woodson, Sarah J. See Early, Sarah J. Woodson
- Work of the Afro-American Woman, The (Mossell), 109
- World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago World’s Fair), 55, 60, 78
- World’s Congress of Representative Women (WCRW): about, 55–56; agency theme, 56–57, 73–78; Black female leadership, lack of, 59; Black women at, 58–60; critical memory work and, 56–57, 78–80; Douglass (Frederick) at, 160n54; emancipation as zero point for Black women’s progress, 60–69; enslavement, memories of, 69–73; exemplars, discussion of, 51
- Young, Harvey, 103
- Zolnay, Julian George, 86