Page 193 →Index

“MD” refers to Martin Delany.

abolitionism. See also Black abolitionists: Africa and, 72; backlash against, 17–18; Black church and, 8, 10, 17–19, 22–28, 31–33, 36; Christianity and, 25–26; colonization movement and, 20; Compromise of 1850 and, 54; conscience and, 34; debates over strategies in, 2–3, 16–18, 20, 45–50; education and, 8, 11–12, 76–78, 82–83; emigration movement and, 39, 57; FSL and, 47, 54; God and, 58, 66; MD quotes on, 4, 17, 51, 119–120; MD’s activity in, 1–4, 7, 14–16, 23–27, 32, 44, 47, 51, 53; MD’s lectures on, 10, 12, 22–27, 32, 51, 53, 66, 83, 95, 105, 115, 141–142, 167n135; MD’s philosophy of, 1–4, 7, 32, 38, 41, 44, 46, 53, 119–120; moral suasion and, 2, 19–21, 23, 34, 47, 114; politics and, 12, 106–107; religion and, 10, 14–16, 19, 23, 28–36; separatism and, 42; violence and, 2, 11, 17, 18, 22, 45–50, 58–64, 67; White abolitionists in, 4, 18, 20–22, 60, 119
accommodation in politics, 133, 143
ACS (American Colonization Society), 5, 39–40, 57, 81, 138
“An Address to the Slaves of the United States” (Garnet), 62–63
Africa: abolitionism and, 72; back-to-Africa approach to, 5; education and, 102–103; emigration movement and, 4–5, 38–39, 44, 71; Liberia colonization and, 4–5, 39–40, 57, 121, 138; MD’s travels to, 4, 40, 71, 121; MD’s views on, 5, 36, 38–40, 65, 80, 102–103; negative perception of, 38, 71, 80, 102–103; positive portrayal of, 38–39, 71–72, 103
African Education Society of Pittsburgh, 80
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 15, 23–24, 26, 33, 154n6
African Methodist Episcopal Church Cellar School, 2, 46, 51, 80
agency, 10, 14–16, 33, 70–71, 117
Allegheny Institute and Mission Church, 95
Allen, Ernest, 109–110
Allen, Richard, 33
America: American Dream and, 113–114; citizenship and, 34, 38, 91, 109–110, 112–113; Civil War and, 122; conscience and, 3, 21–22, 34, 114; emigration movement and, 57; equality and, 3–4, 42, 97, 108, 121; freedom and, 38, 97; as irredeemably racist, 56, 119, 123; MD quotes on, 3–4, 35, 142, 148–149; MD’s complex views on, 3–4, 34–35, 38, 142, 147–149; moral suasion and, 19–20, 114; national contract of, 113, 116–118; political culture of, 19, 107–108, 112–113, 115, 118, 121–124; racism and, 38, 56, 97, 108, 113–114, 119, 123, 135; Reconstruction and, 124; violence and, 35
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 17–18, 28
Page 194 →American Anti-Slavery Society, 20, 115
American Colonization Society (ACS), 5, 39–40, 57, 81, 138
American Missionary Association (AMA), 99–101
American Moral Reform Society (AMRS), 14, 20, 114, 162n5
anti-Black violence. See violence
Anti-Slavery Bugle (newspaper), 32
anti-slavery movements. See abolitionism
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (Walker), 20, 22, 62, 70
“Appeal to the Commonwealth” (Colored Citizens of Pennsylvania), 4, 34, 118
Arbery, Ahmaud, 147
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 104, 143
“Atlanta compromise” speech (Washington), 6
Atlanta International Cotton Exposition (1895), 6, 144
Auld, Thomas, 77–78
Avery, Charles, 95

Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Philadelphia), 33
bipartisanship in politics, 9, 137, 144, 147
Black abolitionists. See also abolitionism: Black church and, 8, 16–19; Black nationalism and, 54; citizenship and, 107; education and, 78; formative years of, 19, 46–47, 49; FSL and, 54, 56; integration movement and, 49; leadership among, 1, 16, 18, 45–46, 51, 78, 96, 113–115; MD’s disagreement with strategy of, 5, 10–11, 16, 22, 38, 114; MD’s participation in movement of, 1, 10–11, 22, 51, 114; moral suasion and, 3, 19–22, 45, 49, 96, 107, 113–114; providential determinism and, 62–63; radicalization of, 54, 56; reform strategy of, 16–17, 19–21, 45–50, 62, 78, 113; religion and, 16, 19; separatism among, 42; State and National Negro Conventions and, 46, 53, 78; violence as a strategy of, 22, 45–50, 53–55, 62–63, 69; White abolitionists and, 18, 21
Black church. See also Christianity; religion: agency and, 16; ambivalence in response to abolitionism of, 8, 10, 17–19, 22–28, 31–33, 36; Black abolitionists and, 8, 16–19; emigration movement and, 36–37; illiberal and liberal churches in, 23–28; integration movement and, 15, 18; liberation theology and, 31; MD quotes on, 26; MD’s reception at, 22–26, 32, 34; MD’s views on role of, 8–10, 14–16, 22–23, 28–29, 32, 36, 116, 118; moral suasion and, 8, 14, 19, 20–21, 23, 26–28, 34, 118; otherworldly theology of, 10, 14, 19, 24, 28–29, 31; providential determinism and, 10, 14, 31–32, 116; race riots and, 18, 33; racism and, 19; violence and, 33; White influence on, 19, 26–27, 32–33
Black conservatism. See conservatism
Blackett, Richard, 39, 55, 57
Black inferiority myths, 21, 48, 68, 72, 80, 114, 119
Black liberation thought. See Black abolitionists
Black Lives Matter, 147, 149
Black nationalism: Black abolitionists and, 54; Civil War and, 107; colonization movement and, 42; conservatism and, 139, 145; emigration movement and, 38–39, 42, 44, 121; FSL and, 121; MD as father of, 64, 106, 146; MD’s support for, 1, 4, 7, 9, 36, 96, 105, 106, 107; moral suasion and, 36, 96; politics and, 12–13; religion and, 10, 15–16, 70
Black women: education and, 9, 94–97, 104, 142; equality and, 94–96; key role Page 195 →of, 94–96, 146; MD quotes on, 94; MD’s concern for condition of, 94–96, 142, 145–146
Blake, Or, The Huts of America (Delany, 1859): abolitionism in, 67–68; Black nationalism in, 64; characterization in, 65; critical reception of, 65, 67; emigration movement in, 64, 67, 70–73; God in, 65–69; incompleteness of, 64, 73; providential determinism in, 65–66, 69–70; publication of, 64; purpose of, 72; quotes on, 65; radical interpretation of, 65, 72; religion in, 66, 70, 167n135; revolution in, 67–70, 73; scholarship on, 8, 65, 70–72; self-determination in, 66; use of fiction in, 64; violence as reform strategy in, 8, 11, 64–73, 167n135
Boston, Uriah, 42
Boyd, Henry, 92
Brooks, Rayshard, 147–148
Brown, John, 11, 58–61, 63–64, 73–75
Brown, Michael, 147–148
Brown, Owen, 58
Brown, William Wells, 16–17
Burrows, Thomas, 56
Butler, Benjamin, 143
Butler School for Negro children, 143

capitalism, 40, 43–44, 89–90
Carmichael, Stokely, 146
Carr, Robert, 71–72
Carter Jackson, Kellie, 20, 22, 45–46, 54–55
Cary, Lott, 39
Cellar School (African Methodist Episcopal Church), 2, 46, 51, 80
Chamberlain, Daniel, 5
Christianity. See also Black church; God; providential determinism; religion: abolitionism and, 25–26; Black liberation as central mission of, 66; MD quotes on, 25–26; MD’s views on, 10, 15, 25–26, 30, 34, 66, 145; otherworldly theology in, 10, 14, 19, 24, 28–29, 31; reflection in, 25; this-worldly theology in, 10, 14–15, 24, 29–31, 34, 66, 145
Church Herald (newspaper), 25
Cincinnati Herald (newspaper), 32
citizenship: America and, 34, 38, 91, 109–110, 112–113; belonging afforded by, 110; birthright form of, 110–111; Black abolitionists and, 107; Civil War and, 122; correspondence and, 111–112; definition of, 108–111, 124–125; democratic form of, 111–112; denial of Black citizenship, 48, 54, 108–112, 125; economic empowerment and, 113; education and, 102; emigration movement and, 109; equality and, 107, 110–111; Fourteenth Amendment and, 122–124, 130; free Blacks and, 110; freedom and, 107, 110–112, 126; FSL and, 48, 109; love of country and, 112; masculinist construction of, 122; MD quotes on, 91–92, 110–113; MD’s prioritization of, 38, 54, 91–92, 102, 107–113, 122, 124–125; moral suasion and, 34, 110; national contract and, 113; natural rights and, 109–110; qualification for, 38, 91–92, 109–111; Reconstruction and, 133; rights afforded by, 38, 109, 111–113; ruling element required for, 111, 126; second-class citizenship and, 80; self-government and, 111–112; State and National Negro Conventions and, 108, 109, 111
Civil Rights Act (1866), 130
Civil War. See also Reconstruction: America and, 122; attempts to reverse, 5, 138; Black nationalism and, 107; citizenship and, 122; God and, 61, 75; integration movement and, 122; MD as first Black commissioned combat major in, 1, 5, 11, 61, 75, 98, 122; Page 196 →MD quotes on, 4; MD’s views impacted by, 4–5, 11, 13, 61, 98, 102, 122; moral suasion and, 107–121; religion and, 61; violence and, 11
Clark, M. M., 24
Clark, Mollison, 80
classical education. See education
Clemence, C., 27
Cole, Abram, 27
colonization movement: abolitionism and, 20; American Colonization Society and, 5, 39–40, 57, 81, 138; Black nationalism and, 42; emigration movement contrasted with, 39–40, 43–44, 57; FSL and, 38–39, 57; inspiration for, 40; Liberia colonization and, 4–5, 39–40, 57, 121, 138; MD’s relation to, 6, 39–40, 57; proslavery form of, 5, 39–40, 44, 57, 81, 138
Colored American (newspaper), 36, 114
Colored Citizens of Massachusetts convention (1858), 43, 47
Compromise of 1850, 54, 153n23
Compromise of 1876, 130
The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States (Delaney, 1852): Black women in, 146; citizenship in, 107–109; education in, 12, 91, 97; emigration movement in, 38–40, 56, 57, 97, 109, 172n93; FSL in, 56; national contract in, 118; politics in, 118, 143; publication of, 12, 56; reception of, 38–40, 57, 107, 143, 146
conscience: abolitionism and, 34; America and, 3, 21–22, 34, 114; conservatism and, 137; MD guided by, 12, 106, 135, 137–139, 141–142, 145, 147; MD quotes on, 12, 19, 106; moral suasion and, 21–22, 34, 114; politics and, 12, 106, 135, 137–139, 141–142, 145, 147; Reconstruction and, 106; Whites, moral conscience of, 21–22, 34
conservatism: Black conservatism and, 9, 139, 146; Black nationalism and, 139, 145; conscience and, 137; critiques of, 123; equality and, 134, 136; freedom and, 136; integration movement and, 139; MD as father of Black conservatism, 9, 146; MD quotes on, 123; MD’s approach to, 12–13, 26, 51, 106–107, 123–124, 130–131, 135–140, 145–146; radicalism and, 124, 135–136, 138–139; Reconstruction and, 123, 130; religion and, 15; shortcomings of, 138; as transcending divisions, 139
the Constitution, 55–56, 111, 120, 122, 124–125
Cornish, Samuel E., 18
Cuffee, Paul, 39

Davis, David Brion, 39, 57
Declaration of Independence, 34, 55–56, 111
Delany, Martin (1812–1885). See also specific topics, persons, and writings: abstinence from substances of, 15; as ahead of his time, 12, 44, 143, 146, 149; appointment as trial justice, 5; biography of, 46; birth of, 2; character of, 1; death of, 5; educational experiences of, 2, 46, 79–81, 102–103, 152n13, 170n29; family of, 3, 5; God and humanity as motivation for, 13; Harvard Medical School experience of, 1, 81; importance of, 1–2, 5–6, 8–9, 12–13, 141–146; intelligence of, 1; marriage of, 3; medical interests of, 1, 170n29; nature experiences of, 35; quotes on, 46, 64; relocation to Pittsburgh of, 2, 13, 15–16; renewed interest in, 1–2, 6, 8, 105; return to Ohio, 5, 138; upbringing of, 2, 15–16, 152n13
Delany, Pati (mother of MD), 15, 152n13
Delany, Samuel (father of MD), 50–51
Page 197 →Democratic Party: lack of support among Blacks for, 130–131; MD’s support for, 5, 8, 124, 130–132, 134–137, 147; as party of former slave owners, 5, 124, 131; Reconstruction and, 5, 124, 136; redeemers in, 5, 138
Douglass, Frederick: abolitionism of, 3, 18, 22; America and, 108; citizenship and, 109; education and, 77–79, 97–98; emigration movement and, 39, 97; escape of, 78; freedom and, 77–78; integration movement and, 96; John Brown and, 59–60, 63–64; MD’s correspondence with, 127, 129, 141; MD’s relation to, 1, 3, 13, 22, 38, 82, 92, 97–98, 122; moral suasion and, 36; quotes by, 18, 39, 59, 92; Reconstruction and, 61; self-defense and, 63–64, 72; violence and, 48, 59, 63–64, 72, 75
Draper, Theodore, 2, 106
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 47–49, 68
Du Bois, W. E. B., 1–2, 13, 78, 120

Eastern Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 17
economic empowerment, 76, 90–95, 117
education: abolitionism and, 8, 11–12, 76–78, 82–83; Africa and, 102–103; Black abolitionists and, 78; Black educational approaches, 11, 76–77, 79–84, 86, 89, 91–93, 96–99, 101, 103–104; Black women and, 9, 94–97, 104, 142; capitalism and, 89–90; citizenship and, 102; classical forms of, 78, 82–84, 86, 88–89, 143; corporal punishment in, 99–100, 146; curriculum in, 12, 84, 86, 89, 103, 143; denial of education as major function of slavery, 11, 76–80, 82, 152n13; economic empowerment and, 76, 90–95, 113, 116–119, 145; emigration movement and, 97–98; entrepreneurship and, 83; equality and, 11, 76, 79, 87, 90–91, 93; finished education and, 85, 87, 90; free Blacks and, 12, 76, 78, 81, 84, 86, 88, 93, 98–102; freedom and, 11, 76–78, 83, 93, 99; inadequate public schools and, 85–86; industrial forms of, 78; integration movement and, 96–98; literacy movements and, 18, 76–81, 89, 95, 101; manual labor and, 81–83, 88, 92, 94–95, 97; MD quotes on, 81, 84–92, 99–100, 103, 143; MD’s influence on, 79, 104, 143; MD’s philosophy of, 7–9, 11–12, 76, 79, 80–97, 99–104, 143; moral suasion and, 8, 11, 76, 83, 96; occupational training and, 81; parental role in, 84–87, 90, 92–93; politics and, 79, 125, 139, 143; practical forms of, 82–85, 87–91, 93, 97, 102, 143; professionalization and, 84–85, 87, 93, 97; progressive approach to, 86; racial dimensions of, 96–98, 102–103; Reconstruction and, 98–101, 125; utilitarian dimensions of, 89; violence and, 77; White influence on, 86, 96–98, 102–104
Eisenstadt, Peter, 135, 139
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 122
emigration movement: abolitionism and, 39, 57; Africa and, 4–5, 38–39, 44, 71; America and, 57; beginnings of, 36–39; Black church and, 36–37; Black nationalism and, 38–39, 42, 44, 121; citizenship and, 109; colonization movement contrasted with, 39–40, 43–44, 57; critiques of, 39–43, 57;
education and, 97–98; existential dimensions of, 36; free Blacks and, 40–41, 43; freedom and, 57–58; FSL and, 37–39, 56–57, 109, 119, 121; God and, 37, 40–44; integration movement contrasted with, 41–42, 97; MD quotes on, 41, 42–43, 57; MD’s support for, 1, 4–5, 7, 10–11, 36–44, 56–57, 60, 64, 96–98, 109, 121; Page 198 →moral suasion and, 36–38, 41, 119; Pan-Africanist movement and, 1, 8–9, 14, 72–73, 78, 105, 145; politics and, 119, 139; providential determinism and, 36; religion and, 10–11, 16, 36–43; State and National Negro Conventions and, 109; utilitarian dimensions of, 36; violence and, 60–61, 67, 70–71
English Grammar (Smith), 96
entrepreneurship, 82–83, 88
equality: America and, 3–4, 42, 97, 108, 121; Black women and, 94–96; citizenship and, 107, 110–111; conservatism and, 134, 136; economic empowerment and, 117; education and, 11, 76, 79, 87, 90–91, 93; FSL and, 121; God and, 66; inequality and, 113, 121, 123, 132–134, 136; MD quotes on, 92–93, 108, 113, 117; MD’s understanding of, 10–11, 42, 44, 46, 92–93, 97, 108, 111, 117, 121, 124, 167n135; moral suasion and, 44, 83; politics and, 108, 120–121; religion and, 10; social equality, 143–144; unqualified equality and, 92, 108, 124
equal protection of the law, 111, 122–123
Ernest, John, 21, 29, 31, 107
Evers, Medgar, 147
existential approach of MD, 36, 50, 59, 64, 72, 76, 106, 134, 140, 142

Fifteenth Amendment (1870), 122–123, 130
Floyd, George, 147–148
Force and Freedom (Jackson), 20
Fourteenth Amendment (1868), 122, 130
Frederick Douglass’s Paper (newspaper), 42
free Blacks: citizenship and, 110; education and, 12, 76, 78, 81, 84, 86, 88, 93, 98–102; emigration movement and, 40–41, 43; FSL and, 37; organization of resistance movements of, 54; race riots and, 3; Reconstruction and, 99; re-enslavement faced by, 37, 50; religion and, 40–41; State and National Negro Conventions and, 48; violence and, 3, 38, 48, 50–51, 53–54, 58, 63
Freedmen’s Bureau: demise of, 5; educational initiatives of, 12, 98–101, 143; MD’s disagreements with, 101; MD’s work for, 1, 5, 12, 73, 99–101, 143, 162n5
freedom: America and, 38, 97; citizenship and, 107, 110–112, 126; conservatism and, 136; education and, 11, 76–78, 83, 93, 99; emigration movement and, 57–58; FSL and, 120–121; God and, 29; MD quotes on, 57, 111–112, 120–121, 125–126; MD’s views on achieving, 2, 10, 29, 33, 38, 44–46, 58, 111–112, 120–121, 125–126, 135–136, 167n135; moral suasion and, 96–97; politics and, 120–121; real freedom as requiring, 107, 125–126; Reconstruction and, 124, 126; religion and, 29, 33, 68; responsibilities required for, 126; ruling element and, 125–126; violence and, 63
Friends (Quakers) Meeting House, 25
Fugitive Slave Law (FSL) (1850): abolitionism and, 47, 54; Black abolitionists and, 54, 56; Black nationalism and, 121; citizenship and, 48, 109; colonization movement and, 38–39, 57; effects of, 54–56, 120–121, 153n23; emigration movement and, 37–39, 56–57, 109, 119, 121; equality and, 121; free Blacks and, 37; freedom and, 120–121; integration movement, 38; MD quotes on, 55, 120; MD’s reactions to, 3, 38–39, 53–58, 75, 120–121; moral suasion and, 37–38, 54, 96; politics and, 120–121; radicalism Page 199 →and, 56; State and National Negro Conventions and, 37, 49, 54–55, 61; violence and, 47, 49, 53–58, 75

Garner, Eric, 147–148
Garnet, Henry H., 48, 62–63, 72, 122
Garrison, William Lloyd, 20, 57, 83, 115
Garvey, Marcus, 135, 145–146
Gayle, Addison, 65
Glaude, Eddie, Jr., 20–21, 70
Gloucester, Stephen H., 17–19, 28
God. See also Christianity; providential determinism; religion: abolitionism and, 58, 66; Civil War and, 61, 75; divine intervention by, 64–65; emigration movement and, 37, 40–44; equality and, 66; freedom and, 29; MD quotes on, 23, 29, 40–41, 52, 61, 110; MD’s understanding of, 13, 24, 29–30, 33–36, 40–42, 58, 145; moral suasion and, 20, 28, 34; violence and, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 67–70, 75
Goines, Geo W., 19
Green, A. R., 25
Green, Hilary, 77
Green, John T., 129
Griffith, Cyril, 2

Hampton Agricultural and Normal School, 143
Hampton, Wade, 5
Harding, Vincent, 65
Harlem Renaissance, 2
Harper’s Ferry raid (1859), 60
Harvard Medical School, MD forced out of, 1, 81
Henson, Josiah, 49–50, 58–59, 75, 163n24
Hilton Head Island, SC, 5, 99, 101, 146
historiography, 1–2, 6–9, 12, 14–15, 31, 79, 106, 139, 146–149
Hite, Roger, 65
Holmes, Lot, 25
human agency, 10, 14–16, 33, 70–71, 117

Independent Republican Movement (IRM), 129
inequality. See equality
inferiority myths, 21, 48, 68, 72, 80, 114, 119
integration movement: Black abolitionists and, 49; Black church and, 15, 18; Civil War and, 122; conservatism and, 139; education and, 96–98; emigration movement contrasted with, 41–42, 97; FSL and, 38; MD’s involvement in, 5, 7, 10, 38, 107, 122, 124–125; moral suasion and, 52; racism and, 38; religion and, 10, 15–16, 43; separatism contrasted with, 10, 15–16, 42, 76

Jackson, Andrew, 16, 54, 115
Jewett, Adams, 27
Jim Crow, 1, 6, 143
Johnson, Andrew, 61, 123
Johnson, Henry, 50
Jones, Angela, 9
Jones, Martha, 110–111

Khan, Robert, 105

Langston, John Mercer, 51
Lawrence, Thomas, 23
liberation theology, 9, 15, 31, 44, 145
Liberator (newspaper), 17, 20
Liberia colonization, 4–5, 39–40, 57, 121, 138
Liberia Exodus Movement, 5, 138
The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Douglass), 63
Lincoln, Abraham, 1, 61, 122–123
Lincoln, Eric, 31
literacy movements, 18, 76–81, 89, 95, 101
“Long-Hidden” reality (North Star), 22
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 22

Madera, Judith, 65
Malcolm X, 146
Page 200 →Mamiya, Lawrence, 31
manual labor, 81–83, 88, 92, 94–95, 97
Martin, Trayvon, 147
McGann, Jerome, 64, 71, 73
Meier, August, 139
military experience of MD, 1, 5, 11, 61, 75, 98, 122
Miller, Floyd J., 2, 64
minority representation (MR), 127–130, 132
Mitchell, Henry, 22, 32–33
The Modern African American Political Thought Reader (Jones), 9
Moore, John T., 24
moral suasion: abolitionism and, 2, 19–21, 23, 34, 47, 114; America and, 19–20, 114; Black abolitionists and, 3, 19–22, 45, 49, 96, 107, 113–114; Black church and, 8, 14, 19, 20–21, 23, 26–28, 34, 118; Black nationalism and, 36, 96; challenge of, 19–23; citizenship and, 34, 110; Civil War and, 107–121; conscience and, 21–22, 34, 114; developmental stages of, 20; economic empowerment and, 116–117; education and, 8, 11, 76, 83, 96; emigration movement and, 36–38, 41, 119; equality and, 44, 83; false promise of, 34, 36–37, 46, 96, 118; freedom and, 96–97; FSL and, 37–38, 54, 96; God and, 20, 28, 34; integration movement and, 52; MD’s critiques of, 34–38, 41, 43, 96, 119, 147–148; MD’s promotion of, 10–11, 14, 16, 22, 26–27, 43, 53, 115–116; national contract and, 117–118; politics and, 12, 105, 107–121; racism and, 21, 36, 118; religion and, 10, 14, 16, 19–21, 23, 26, 34, 43–44; self-determination and, 116, 118; State and National Negro Conventions and, 37, 53, 115; violence contrasted with, 11, 20, 22, 34–35, 37, 46, 50–53, 63, 96; White influence on, 21
Moyamensing riot (1842), 18, 33

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 78
Narrative (Douglass), 77
national contract, 113, 116–118
National Emigration Convention, 121
nationalism. See Black nationalism
National Negro Conventions. See State and National Negro Conventions
Nat Turner insurrection, 22, 46, 57, 65, 67, 72, 77, 79
natural rights, 42, 108–110, 121
New England Anti-slavery Society, 20
nonviolence, 2, 9, 46–47, 50, 52–53, 64
North Star (newspaper): abolitionism and, 14, 18–19, 115; Black church and, 18–19; education and, 83, 143; influence of, 1, 115; MD’s editor role for, 1, 3, 12, 22, 53, 83, 97, 106, 115; MD’s lectures for, 10, 12, 22–27, 32, 51, 53, 66, 83, 95, 105–106, 115, 141–142, 167n135; moral suasion and, 14, 83; religion and, 11

Obama, Barack, 9
On National Polity (Delany, 1870), 124–125

Pan-Africanist movement, 1, 8–9, 14, 72–73, 78, 105, 145
Peck, John, 56
Peck, Robert, 108
Pennington, James W. C., 18, 31
Philadelphia Institute, 17
Philanthropic Society of Pittsburgh, 2, 56
Pittsburgh Anti-slavery Society, 3
Pittsburgh Bible society, 15
Pittsburgh cholera epidemic (1849), 1, 170n29
Pittsburgh Mystery (1843-1847) (MD’s first newspaper), 3, 16, 53, 94, 115, 154n6
“Political Aspect of the Colored People of the United States” (Delany, 1855), 109
Page 201 →“Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent” (Delany, 1854), 109
political economy (PE), 9, 72, 89, 115, 120–121
politics. See also citizenship; conservatism; Democratic Party; radicalism; Republican Party; State and National Negro Conventions: abolitionism and, 12, 106–107; accommodation in, 133, 143; America and, 19, 107–108, 112–113, 115, 118, 121–124; bipartisanship in, 9, 137, 144, 147; Black nationalism and, 12–13; compromise in, 132–133, 135, 138; conscience and, 12, 106, 135, 137–139, 141–142, 145, 147; conservatism and, 12–13, 106–107, 123; correspondence and, 111; criticism of, 109, 130, 141–142; economic empowerment and, 116–117; education and, 79, 125, 139, 143; emigration movement and, 119, 139; equality and, 108, 120–121; existential dimensions of, 76, 106, 134, 140, 142; freedom and, 120–121; FSL and, 120–121; ideology in, 131, 136, 138–140, 142, 145; MD quotes on, 12, 106, 108, 120, 128, 133, 141; MD’s career in, 7, 12, 105, 129, 130; MD’s complex views on, 1, 5–7, 12–13, 105–107, 109, 133–135, 143–144; MD’s development over time in, 5, 108, 114–115, 122–124, 133–136, 138; MD’s disagreements with mainstream Black leaders on, 7, 13, 107, 111, 127, 130, 135, 143, 146–147, 179n126; minority representation (MR) in, 127–130, 132; moral suasion and, 12, 105, 107–121; nationalization of slavery and, 37–38, 56–57, 119, 122, 123; as non-zero-sum, 134, 136–137, 145; political affiliation and, 5, 8, 131–132, 134, 136–137, 140; political representation and, 123, 126–130, 132–133; pragmatism in, 135–136, 139–140; precedent in, 12, 106, 123, 134, 141, 145; progressivism and, 107–108; proportional representation (PR) and, 127–129, 132; Protestant Work Ethic and, 107, 113; radicalism and, 124, 129, 136; reason and, 12, 106, 135, 137–139, 141–142, 145, 147; reconciliation in, 123, 125, 127–133, 147; Reconstruction and, 5, 7–8, 12–13, 106–107, 122–140, 146–147; representation in, 120, 123, 129–130, 132–133; ruling element in, 40, 43, 57, 121, 123, 125–128, 132–133; self-determination and, 14–15, 29, 45, 66, 116, 118; self-government and, 111, 119; utilitarian dimensions of, 127, 131, 133–134, 136, 138–140
practical education. See education
professionalization, 84–85, 87, 93, 97
proportional representation (PR), 127–129, 132
Protestant Work Ethic (PWE), 44, 49, 107, 113
providential determinism. See also Christianity; God; religion: Black abolitionists and, 62–63; Black church and, 10, 14, 31–32, 116; emigration movement and, 36; MD’s critiques of, 29, 31–33, 116, 167n135; violence and, 62–72

Quarles, Benjamin, 23

Rabinowitz, Howard, 140
race riots, 3, 18, 33, 46, 118
racism: America and, 38, 56, 97, 108, 113–114, 119, 123, 135; Black church and, 19; Black inferiority myths, 21, 48, 68, 72, 80, 114, 119; integration movement and, 38; MD quotes on, 4, 38; MD’s approach to resisting, 38–39, 108, 113–114, 142; MD’s experiences of, 1, 3–4, 6, 80; moral suasion and, 21, 36, 118; violence and, 49, 52, 68
Page 202 →radicalism: conservatism and, 124, 135–136, 138–139; FSL and, 56; MD’s relation to, 6, 53, 56, 60, 65, 72, 124, 129–130, 139–140; politics and, 124, 129, 136; radical republicanism, 129, 131–132, 136–137; Reconstruction and, 129, 131–132, 136–137
Rael, Patrick, 42
reason, 12, 106, 135, 137–139, 141–142, 145, 147
reconciliation in politics, 123, 125, 127–133, 147
Reconstruction. See also Civil War: America and, 124; citizenship and, 133; conscience and, 106; conservatism and, 123, 130; constitutional amendments during, 122–123; economic empowerment and, 145; education and, 98–101, 125; free Blacks and, 99; freedom and, 124, 126; MD quotes on, 123; MD’s focus on reconciliation during, 123, 125, 127–132, 147; MD’s views on approach to, 102, 123–127, 136, 145; politics and, 5, 7–8, 12–13, 106–107, 122–140, 146–147; radicalism and, 129, 131–132, 136–137; White resentment during, 125
redeemers (Civil War), 5, 138
Reed, Henry, 63
re-enslavement, 37, 55
religion. See also Black church; Christianity; God; providential determinism: abolitionism and, 10, 14–16, 19, 23, 28–36; agency and, 10, 14–16, 33, 70–71, 117; Black abolitionists and, 16, 19; Black nationalism and, 10, 15–16, 70; Civil War and, 61; conservatism and, 15; emigration movement and, 10–11, 16, 36–43; equality and, 10; free Blacks and, 40–41; freedom and, 29, 33, 68; illiberal and liberal churches and, 23–28, 33–34; integration movement and, 10, 15–16, 43; liberation theology and, 9, 15, 31, 44, 145; materialist theology in, 30, 43; MD’s view of role of, 8–11, 14–16, 22–23, 28–36, 116, 118; moral suasion and, 10, 14, 16, 19–21, 23, 26, 34, 43–44; otherworldly theology in, 10, 14, 23–24, 28–29, 31, 34, 66; prayer in, 30–31; this-worldly theology in, 10, 14–15, 24, 29–31, 34, 66, 145; utilitarian dimensions of, 36, 44; violence and, 52, 61, 62, 64–65, 67, 75, 167n135
Remond, Charles Lenox, 16–17, 48
representation in politics, 120, 123, 127–130, 132–133
Republican Party: MD’s criticism of, 5, 124, 129, 131–132, 134, 137; MD’s support for, 124, 137, 146–147; radicalism in, 129, 131–132, 136–137, 146
Rice, Tamir, 147
Richards, Catherine (wife of MD), 3
Richards, Charles, 3
Richards, “Daddy” Ben, 3
Rollin, Frances, 46–47, 51, 75, 161–162n5

scholarship, 1–2, 6–9, 12, 14–15, 31, 79, 106, 139, 146–149
Schoolman, Martha, 65
Scott, Daniel, 17, 19
Second Great Awakening, 16
self-determination, 14–15, 29, 45, 66, 116, 118
self-government, 111–112, 119
separatism, 10, 15–16, 42, 76
Shadd, A. D., 25
Shango (grandfather of MD), 50
Shelby, Tommie, 105, 111
Shreve, Grant, 37–38, 70, 72
Sinha, Manisha, 21, 56
slavery. See abolitionism; Black abolitionists
South Carolina: conservatives in, 130–131; Democratic Party in, 130; demographic Page 203 →changes in, 128; education in, 92, 99; MD’s political career in, 1, 5, 8, 12, 74, 99, 105, 124, 126–129; political representation in, 127–131; Reconstruction in, 6–8, 12, 74, 105, 126–130; Republic Party in, 129
State and National Negro Conventions: Black abolitionists and, 46, 53, 78; citizenship at, 108, 109, 111; Dredd Scott and, 49; education prioritized at, 78, 88, 93, 97; emigration movement at, 109; free Blacks and, 48; FSL and, 37, 49, 54–55, 61; MD’s lectures at, 53–54, 93; moral suasion and, 37, 53, 115; Resolution 22 at, 54; Underground Railroad and, 60; violence as strategy at, 47–49, 53–55, 61, 63
State Conservative Taxpayers Convention, 130
State Convention of Colored Citizens of Illinois, 41 Sterling, Dorothy, 2
Still, William, 56
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 98, 103–104, 163n24
Stuckey, Sterling, 38
suffrage movements, 54, 112, 123–125
Summers, Elizabeth, 101

Takaki, Ronald, 64
Taylor, Breonna, 147–148
Templeton, B. F., 23
Theban Literacy and Debating Society, 80–81
theology. See Black church; providential determinism; religion
Thirteenth Amendment (1868), 122
Till, Emmett, 147
Truth, Sojourner, 146
Tubman, Harriet, 146
Turner, Henry McNeal, 135, 139
Turner, Nat, 22, 46, 57, 65, 67, 72, 77, 79
Tuskegee Institute, 78, 104, 143
“Twelve Knights of Tabor” (secret organization), 69–70, 73

Ullman, Victor, 2, 6, 106
Uncle Tom concept, 49, 163n24
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 98, 163n24
Underground Railroad, 2, 18, 49, 56, 60
universal humanity, 42
utilitarian approach of MD, 36, 44, 50, 72–73, 89, 127, 131, 133–134, 136–140

Vashon, John, 108
Vigilance Committee and Fugitive Aid Society, 56
violence: abolitionism and, 2, 11, 17, 18, 22, 45–50, 58–64, 67; America and, 35; anti-Black forms of, 3, 37, 46, 53–54, 63, 75, 96; backlash to use of, 49, 59, 63–64, 68; Black abolitionists and, 22, 45–50, 53–55, 62–63, 69; Black church and, 33; Black Lives Matter and, 147, 149; Brown’s use of, 58–60, 73–75; Civil War and, 11; Dredd Scott and, 47–49; education and, 77; effectiveness of, 45–46, 49, 58, 61, 63; emigration movement and, 60–61, 67, 70–71; existential dimensions of, 50, 59, 64, 72; free Blacks and, 3, 38, 48, 50–51, 53–54, 58, 63; freedom and, 63; FSL and, 47, 49, 53–58, 75; God and, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 67–70, 75; lack of support for, 46–47, 49, 51–52; martyrdom, relation to, 53, 58, 75; MD contrasted with John Brown on, 11, 58–61, 63–64, 73–75; MD quotes on, 51, 55–56; MD’s critiques of, 64–72; MD’s personal experience with, 34–35, 50–51, 179n126; MD’s views on violence as reform strategy, 7–9, 11, 22, 45–46, 50–58, 60–64, 69, 72–75, 147, 149; moral suasion contrasted with, 11, 20, 22, 34–35, 37, 46, 50–53, 63, 96; nonviolence contrasted with, 2, Page 204 →9, 46–47, 50, 52–53, 64; providential determinism and, 62–72; race riots and, 3, 18, 33, 46, 118; racism and, 49, 52, 68; religion and, 52, 61, 62, 64–65, 67, 75, 167n135; self-defense against, 46, 53–56, 61, 63, 72; State and National Negro Conventions and, 47–49, 53–55, 61, 63; survival and, 46, 52–53, 58, 61, 64, 74; utilitarian dimensions of, 50, 72–73; vigilantism and, 54, 56, 69, 75
voting rights, 54, 112, 123–125

Walker, David, 9, 35, 62, 65, 72, 77
Wallace, Maurice, 122
Ward, Samuel R., 18
Washington, Booker T.: accommodation and, 136; Atlanta compromise speech by, 6; compromise and, 143; conservatism of, 136, 145–146; education and, 78–79, 103, 143; MD’s influence on, 6, 79, 103–104, 143–145; political approach of, 144–145
Webb, W. M., 56
Whipper, William, 20–21, 34, 46, 51–53, 60, 113–114, 162n5
White abolitionists, 18, 20–22, 60, 119
White influence: Black church and, 19, 26–27, 32–33; education and, 86, 96–98, 102–104; moral suasion and, 21
White privilege, 4, 133
White supremacy, 1, 111
Williams, Heather, 76–78
Wilson, Carole, 56
women. See Black women
Woodson, Carter G., 103, 117
Woodson, Lewis, 36–37, 46, 51–53, 60–61, 103, 113–114, 117
Wright, Jonathan, 128

Yellin, Jean, 65
Young Men’s Literary and Moral Reform Society of Pittsburgh, 3, 16, 81
Young Men’s Moral Reform Society of Pittsburgh, 3

Zeugner, John, 65

Backmatter

Show the following:

Adjust appearance:

Notes

Page 193 →Index

Annotate