Skip to main content

Claiming Freedom: Race, Kinship, and Land in Nineteenth-Century Georgia: Bibliography

Claiming Freedom: Race, Kinship, and Land in Nineteenth-Century Georgia
Bibliography

  • Show the following:

    Annotations
    Resources

  • Adjust appearance:

    Font
    Font style
    Color Scheme
    Light
    Dark
    Annotation contrast
    Low
    High
    Margins
  • Search within:
    • Notifications
    • Privacy
  • Project HomeClaiming Freedom
  • Projects
  • Learn more about Manifold

Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. List of Illustrations
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Introduction: Claiming Freedom in the Lowcountry
  9. 1: The Slave’s Dream
    1. The Hurt of this Hurt World
    2. The Illusion of Isolation
    3. Memory and (DIS)Remembering
  10. 2: War and Freedom
    1. Marginal Spaces of Freedom
    2. Gender, War, and Freedom
    3. Less than Forty Acres
    4. The Ogeechee Troubles
  11. 3: “Full and Fair Compensation”
    1. Free Labor Ideology and Liminal Spaces of Freedom
    2. Women of Freedom
    3. Claiming Freedom for Themselves
  12. 4: The State of Freedom is the State of Self-Reliance
    1. Kinship and Land in the Lowcountry
    2. Landownership and Women’s Community Networks
    3. The Town of Burroughs
  13. Conclusion
  14. Appendix
  15. Notes
  16. Bibliography
  17. Index

Page 133 →Bibliography

Manuscripts

  • Butler Family Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • Margaret Davis Cate Collection, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. University of Georgia Libraries. Athens, Georgia.
  • Account Book of Stephen Habersham, Grove Plantation Near Savannah, 1858. Georgia Historical Society. Savannah, Georgia.
  • Manigault Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
  • Charles L. Matthews Family Papers, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections; Special Collections Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
  • Carl Schurz Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
  • Louisiana Sugar and Rice Trade Collection, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections; Special Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
  • William T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
  • William Wiseham Paine Papers, Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Georgia.

Government Records and Documents

  • Chatham Country Tax Digest, 1870–1920, Chatham County, Georgia.
  • Cong. Globe, 42nd Congress, 1st Sess.
  • Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Georgia.
  • Georgia Property Tax Digest, Atlanta, Georgia.
  • House Executive Documents, 40th Cong., 3rd Sess.
  • Record Group 101, Records of the Comptroller of Currency, Registers of Signatures of Depositors in Branches of the Freedmen’s Savings and Trust, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Record Group 105, Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Record Group 21, Records of the District Courts of the United States, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Record Group 217, Records of the Accounting Officers of the Department of the Treasury, Southern Claims Commission Approved Claims, 1871–1880: Georgia, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Record Group 29, Records of the United States Bureau of the Census, Manuscript Population, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 134 →Record Group 36, Records of the Bureau of Customs, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Records of the Chatham County Probate Court, Chatham County Courthouse, Savannah, Georgia.
  • Records of the Chatham County Superior Court, Chatham County, Georgia.
  • Records of the Glynn County Courthouse, Glenn County, Georgia
  • Report of the Joint Select Committee on the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Georgia, February 19, 1872.
  • Savannah City Directory, 1870–1871.
  • Senate Documents, 39th Cong. 2nd Sess.
  • Senate Executive Documents, 35th Congress, 2nd Session, 1858–59, vol., 7, Document No. 8, “Message of the President of the U.S. in answer to a resolution of the Senate relative to the landing of the barque Wanderer on the coast of Georgia with a cargo of Africans
  • United States Bureau of the Census, Agricultural Schedules, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
  • Works Progress Administration, Annals of Savannah 1850–1937: A Digest and Index of the Newspaper Record of Events and Opinions in Eighty-Seven Volumes (Savannah, 1937).

Published Materials

  • Adekunle, Julius O., and Hettie V. Williams, eds. Converging Identities: Blackness in the Modern African Diaspora. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
  • Alford, Terry. Prince Among Slaves. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1977.
  • Ames, William Dallam, ed. The Autobiography of Joseph LeCounte. New York: D. Appleton, 1903.
  • Andrews, Eliza F. The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1908.
  • Andrews, William F. To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography, 1760–1865. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
  • Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: International Publishers, 1943.
  • Armstrong, Thomas F. “From Task Labor to Free Labor: The Transition along Georgia’s Rice Coast, 1820–1880.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 64, no. 4 (1980): 432–47.
  • Astley, Thomas. Collection of Voyages and Travels. London: T. Astley, 1745.
  • Austin, Allen D. African Muslims in Antebellum America. New York: Routledge, 1997.
  • Bacon, Jacqueline. The Humblest May Stand Forth: Rhetoric, Empowerment, and Abolition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.
  • Bailey, Cornelia Walker. God, Dr. Buzzard, and the Bolito Man: A Saltwater Geechee Talks about Life on Sapelo Island. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
  • Balcomb, Anthony. “The Power of Narrative: Constituting Reality Through Storytelling.” Memory, Orality, and the Past, Philippe Denis, ed. 49–53. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Cluster Publications, 2000.
  • Banks, Enoch M. The Economics of Land Tenure in Georgia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1905.
  • Barnes, Elinor, and James A. Barnes, eds. Naval Surgeon: Blockading the South, 1862–1866: The Diary of Samuel Pellman Boyer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963.
  • Page 135 →Batteau, Allen. “The Contradictions of Kinship.” In Holding on to the Land and the Lord: Kinship, Ritual, Tenure, and Social Policy in the Rural South, ed. Robert Hall and Carol Stack. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982.
  • Bay, Mia. The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830–1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Bean, Christopher R. “The Freedmen’s Bureau and Logistical Problems in Texas, 1865–1868.” Military History of the West 39 (2009), 1–20.
  • Bell, Howard H., ed. Black Separation and the Caribbean. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970.
  • Bell, Karen B. “‘The Ogeechee Troubles’: Federal Land Restoration and the ‘Lived Realities’ of Temporary Proprietors, 1865–1868.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 85, no. 3 (2001): 375–97.
  • Bell, Karen Cook, and Peter J. Breaux. “Robert Smalls and the Politics of Race and Freedom in Low Country South Carolina, 1865–1890.” In Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians, ed. Matthew Lynch. New York: Praeger, 2012.
  • Bell, Malcolm. Major Butler’s Legacy: Five Generations of a Slave Holding Family. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.
  • Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freemen’s Rights, 1861–1866. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
  • Bentley, George. A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1955.
  • Berlin, Ira. “Time, Space, and the Evolution of the Afro-American Society on British Mainland North America.” American Historical Review 85 (1980): 47–78.
  • Berlin, Ira, et al., eds. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, Series 1, vol. 1: The Destruction of Slavery. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1985.
  • Berlin, Ira, et al., eds. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, Series 1, vol. 3: The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Berlin, Ira, et al., eds. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, Series 2: The Black Military Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • Berlin, Ira, Marc Favreau, and Steven Miller, eds. Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation. New York: New Press, 1998.
  • Berlin, Ira, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie Rowland. Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Berlin, Ira, and Leslie Rowland, eds. Families and Freedom: A Documentary History of African American Kinship in the Civil War Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Berry, Daina Ramey. “Swing the Sickle for the Harvest Is Ripe”: Gender and Slavery in Antebellum Georgia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.
  • Berry, Mary Frances. Black Resistance, White Law: A History of Constitutional Racism. New York: Penguin, 1995.
  • ———. My Face Is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations. New York: Vintage, 2005.
  • Berry, Stephen. “More Alluring at a Distance: Absentee Patriarchy and the Thomas Butler King Family.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 81, no. 4 (1997): 863–96.
  • Page 136 →Bethel, Elizabeth R. Promiseland: A Century of Life in a Negro Community. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982.
  • Birt, Robert, ed. The Quest for Community and Identity: Critical Essays in Africana Social Philosophy. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.
  • Blassingame, John. “Before the Ghetto: The Making of the Black Community in Savannah, Georgia, 1865–1880.” Journal of Social History 64 (1973).
  • ———. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • ———, ed. Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
  • ———. “A Social and Economic Profile of the Negro in Savannah, 1865–1880.” Unpublished paper cited in Robert Perdue, The Negro in Savannah, 1865–1900 (New York: Exposition Press, 1973).
  • Blesser, Carol, ed. In Joy and Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830–1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Botkin, Benjamin, ed. Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1945.
  • Brady, Lisa M. War upon the Land: Military Strategy and the Transformation of Southern Landscapes during the American Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012.
  • Bragg, Lillian C., and Margaret Godley. Stories of Old Savannah. n.p., 1948.
  • Brent, Linda. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1973.
  • Brown, Elsa Barkley. “‘Not Alone to Build This Pile of Bricks’: Institution Building and Community in Richmond, Virginia.” Paper presented at the conference The Age of Booker T. Washington, at University of Maryland, College Park.
  • Bullard, Mary R. Robert Stafford of Cumberland Island: Growth of a Planter. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
  • Burks, Richard V. “A Conception of Ideology for Historians.” Journal of the History of Ideas 10 (1949): 183–98.
  • Butler, H. R. The History of Freemasonry among Colored Men in Georgia. Atlanta, n.p., 1911.
  • Cadle, Farris W. Georgia Land Surveying History and Law. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
  • Camp, Stephanie M. H. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
  • ———. “The Pleasures of Resistance: Enslaved Women and Body Politics in the Plantation South, 1830–1861.” Journal of Southern History 68, no. 3 (2002): 533–72.
  • Carney, Judith. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • Carney, Judith, and R. N. Rosomoff. In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
  • Cassidy, Frederic G. “The Place of Gullah.” American Speech 55, no. 1 (1980): 3–33.
  • Chambliss, Rollin. “What Negro Newspapers of Georgia Say about Some Social Problems, 1933.” Bulletin of the University of Georgia, Phelps-Stokes Fellowship Studies, no. 13 (1934).
  • Charras, Françoise. “Robert Hayden’s and Kamau Brathwaite’s Poetic Renderings of the Middle Passage in Comparative Perspective.” In Black Imagination and the Middle Passage, ed. Maria Diedrich, Henry Louis Gates Jr., and Carl Pederson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Page 137 →Christensen, Karen, and David Levinson, eds. Encyclopedia of Community. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2003.
  • Cimbala, Paul A. “The Freedmen’s Bureau, the Freedmen, and Sherman’s Grant in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–1867.” Journal of Social History 15 (1989): 597–632.
  • Cimbala, Paul A. “On the Front Line of Freedom: Freedmen’s Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–1868.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (1992): 577–611.
  • Cimbala, Paul A. Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997.
  • Cimbala, Paul A., and Randall Miller. The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
  • Clinton, Catherine. “‘Southern Dishonor’: Flesh, Blood, Race, and Bondage.” Pp. 52–68 in In Joy and Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830–1900, ed. Carol Blesser. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Coclanis, Peter A., and Stuart Burchey, eds. Ideas, Ideologies, and Social Movements: The U.S. Experience since 1800. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
  • Cohen, William. At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.
  • Colburn, Forrest D. Everyday Forms of Resistance. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1989.
  • Coleman, Kenneth. Colonial Georgia: A History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Son, 1976.
  • ———. A History of Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
  • Coleman, Will. “‘Coming through ’Ligion’: Metaphor in Non-Christian and Christian Experiences with the Spirit(s) in African American Slave Narratives.” Pp. 47–71 in Cut Loose Your Stammering Tongue: Black Theology in the Slave Narratives, ed. Dwight N. Hopkins and George C. L. Cummings. New York: Orbis, 1991.
  • Cone, James H. A Black Theology of Liberation. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2010.
  • Connerton, Paul. How Societies Remember. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Conrad, Georgia Bryan. Reminiscences of a Southern Woman. Hampton, Va.: Hampton Institute Press, 1901.
  • Conyers, James L. “Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism.” In African American Sociology, ed. James L. Conyers and Alua P. Barnett. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1999.
  • Conyers, James L., and Alua P. Barnett, eds. African American Sociology. Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1999.
  • Cooper, Sherwin H. “The Rural Settlement of the Lower Savannah River Basin in Georgia.” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1959.
  • Cornish, Dudley T. The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865. New York, W.W. Norton, 1966.
  • Coulter, E. Merton. “Henry M. Turner: Georgia Preacher, Politician during the Reconstruction Era.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 48, no. 4 (1964): 371–410.
  • Cousins, Phillis M., “A History of the 33rd United States Colored Troops.” M.A. thesis, Howard University, 1961.
  • Cox, Jacob D. March to the Sea. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1882.
  • Cox, John, and Lawanda Cox. “General O. O. Howard and the Misrepresented Bureau.” Journal of Southern History 19 (1953): 427–56.
  • Creel, Margaret Washington. “A Peculiar People”: Slave Religion and Community-Culture among the Gullahs. New York: New York University Press, 1988.
  • Crockett, Norman L. The Black Towns. Lawrence, Kansas: Regents University Press, 1979.
  • Page 138 →Croft, Wayne E. “‘You Jes’ Wait a Little’: A Comparison of the Motif of Hope in African American Preaching during the Slave and Post-Civil War Periods.” Ph.D. diss., Drew University, 2009.
  • Cummings, Melbourne S. “The Rhetoric of Bishop Henry McNeal Turner.” Journal of Black Studies 12, no. 4 (1982): 457–67.
  • Curtin, Philip D. ed., Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
  • ———. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
  • ———. Economic Change in Pre-Colonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975.
  • Davis, Patricia G. “Ripping the Veil: Collective Memory and Black Southern Identity.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, San Diego, 2009.
  • Day, Kay Young. “Kinship in a Changing Economy.” In Holding on to the Land and the Lord: Kinship, Ritual, Tenure, and Social Policy in the Rural South, ed. Robert Hall and Carol Stack. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982.
  • DeGraft-Hanson, Kwesi. “Unearthing the Weeping Time: Savannah’s Ten Broeck Race Course and 1859 Slave Sale.” Southern Spaces, February 18, 2010. http://southernspaces.org/2010/unearthing-weeping-time-savannahs-ten-broeck-race-course-and-1859-slave-sale.
  • Delany, Martin Robinson. The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States. Philadelphia: n.p., 1852.
  • Dennett, John R. The South As It Is, 1865–1866. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2010.
  • Diedrich, Maria, Henry Louis Gates Jr., and Carl Pederson, eds. Black Imagination and the Middle Passage. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Dittmer, John. Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
  • Dodson, W. C., ed. Campaigns of Wheeler and His Cavalry. Atlanta: Hudgins Publising Company, 1899.
  • Donnan, Elizabeth ed. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade, vol. 4. New York: Octagon, 1935.
  • Drago, Edmund L. Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
  • ———. “Militancy and Black Women in Reconstruction Georgia.” Journal of American Culture 1 (1978): 838–44.
  • DuBois, Lauren, and Julius Scott. Origins of the Black Atlantic: Rewriting Histories. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publshers, 2012.
  • ———.“Georgia Negroes and Their Fifty Millions of Savings.” The World’s Work 18 (1909): 11550–554.
  • ———. The Negro American Family. Atlanta University, no, 13, 1907.
  • ———. “The Negro Landholder of Georgia.” U.S. Department of Labor Bulletin, no. 35, July 1901.
  • ———. The Souls of Black Folk. New York, Bantam, 1989.
  • Page 139 →———. “The Souls of White Folk” in DuBois, Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. New York: Schocken Books, 1969.
  • ———. The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870. New York: Russell and Russell, 1896; repr. New York: Russell and Russell, 1965.
  • Duncan, Russell. Entrepreneur for Equality: Governor Rufus Bullock, Commerce, and Race in Post Civil War Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
  • ———. Freedom’s Shore: Tunis Campbell and the Georgia Freedmen. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
  • Dusinberre, William. Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamp. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Ehrenhard, John E., and Mary R. Bullard. Stafford Plantation: Cumberland Island National Seashore: Archeological Investigations of a Slave Cabin. Tallahassee, Fla.: Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service, 1981.
  • Ernest, John. Liberation Historiography: African American Writers and the Challenge of History, 1794–1861. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
  • Evans, Tad. Darien, Georgia, Newspaper Clippings, vol. 1: 1818–1878, vol. 2: 1879–1890, and vol. 3: 1891–1903. Savannah, Georgia, 2001–2002.
  • Farmer, Mary J. “‘Because They Are Women’: Gender and the Virginia Freedmen’s Bureau’s ‘War on Dependency.’” In The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
  • Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation. New York: Fordham University Press, 2010.
  • Faulkner, Carol. Women’s Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen’s Aid Movement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
  • Ferguson, Leland. Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650–1800. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1992.
  • Fields, Barbara Jeanne. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.
  • Finkleman, Paul. Law of Freedom and Bondage: A Casebook. New York: Oceana, 1986.
  • Fisk University. Unwritten History of Slavery. Nashville, Tenn.: Fisk Univeristy, 1945.
  • Flanders, Ralph. Plantation Slavery in Georgia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1933.
  • Foner, Eric. Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
  • ———. Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.
  • ———. Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
  • ———. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.
  • ———. The Story of American Freedom. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.
  • Foner, Philip S., and Randolph Lewis. Black Workers: A Documentary History from Colonial Times to the Present. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.
  • Forbes, Ella. African American Women during the Civil War. New York: Garland, 1998.
  • Page 140 →Foster, Frances Smith. Witnessing Slavery: The Development of Antebellum Slave Narratives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.
  • Frankel, Noralee. Freedom’s Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi. Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
  • Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction: After the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
  • Franklin, John Hope, and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Frederickson, George. The Black Image in the White Mind. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
  • Frey, Sylvia R., and Betty Wood. Come Shouting to Zion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
  • Geertz, Clifford. Interpretation of Cultures. London: Hutchinson Press, 1975.
  • Georgia General Assembly. Committee to Investigate the Official Conduct of Rufus Bullock Late Governor of Georgia. Atlanta, 1872.
  • Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America. Georgia: A Pageant of Years. Richmond, Va.: Garret and Massie, 1933.
  • Georgia Writers’ Project. Drums and Shadows: Survival Stories among the Georgia Coastal Negroes. 1940; repr., Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1940.
  • Gibson, James R., ed. European Settlement and Development in North America: Essays on Geographical Change in Honour and Memory of Andrew Hill Clark. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978.
  • Glymph, Thavolia. Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Glynn, Evelyn N. Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.
  • Gomez, Michael. Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • ———. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transition of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
  • ———. “Muslims in Early America.” The Journal of Southern History 40, no. 4 (1994): 671–710.
  • Green, Mae Ruth. Sapelo Island Families. N.p., n.d. Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Georgia.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. “The Decipherment of the ‘Ben-Ali Diary,’ a Preliminary Statement.” Journal of Negro History 25, no. 3 (1940): 372–75.
  • Grimshaw, William H. Official History of the Freemasonry among the Colored People in North America. New York: Broadway, 1903.
  • Gutman, Herbert G. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925. New York: Vintage, 1976.
  • Gwaltney, John Langston. Drylongso: A Self-Portrait of Black America. New York: New Press, 1993.
  • Hahn, Steven. A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Hale, Charles R. “The Cultural Politics of Identity in Latin America.” Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997): 567–90.
  • Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
  • Page 141 →Hall, Robert, and Carol Stack, ed. Holding on to the Land and the Lord: Kinship, Ritual, Tenure, and Social Policy in the Rural South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982.
  • Hamline, Walter Richard. “Rural Black Kinship: A Study of the Black Community of Calvert County, Maryland.” Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1980.
  • Hancock, Ian F. “Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and Relationships.” American Speech 55, no. 1 (1980): 17–35.
  • Harley, Sharon, and Rosalyn Terborg Penn, eds. The Afro-American Woman: Struggles and Images. New York, Kennikat, 1978.
  • Harris, Michael D. Colored Pictures: Race and Visual Representation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
  • Harris, Peggy. “For the Love of Place: Paternalism and Patronage in the Georgia Lowcountry, 1865–1898.” Journal of Southern History 70, no. 4 (2004): 825–64.
  • Hawkesworth, Mary. Political Worlds of Women: Activism, Advocacy, and Government in the Twenty-First Century. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2012.
  • Hayden, Robert. “Middle Passage.” In Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature. Abraham Chapman ed., 164–65. New York: New American Library, 1968.
  • Hazzard, W. W. St. Simon’s Island Georgia, Brunswick, and Vicinity. 1825; repr., Belmont, Mass.: Oak Hill, 1974.
  • Heard, George Alexander. “St. Simons Island during the War between the States.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 22, no. 3 (1938): 249–72.
  • Hendricks, George L. “Union Army Occupation of the Southern Seaboard, 1861–1865.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1954.
  • Herskovits, Melville. The Myth of the Negro Past. Boston: Beacon, 1941.
  • Heyward, Daniel. Seed From Madagascar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937.
  • Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
  • Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Army Life in a Black Regiment. New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1870.
  • Hill, W. B. “Rural Survey of Clarke County, Georgia, with Special Reference to the Negroes,” Bulletin of the University of Georgia 15, no. 3 (1915).
  • Hilliard, Sam B. “Antebellum Tidewater Rice Culture in South Carolina and Georgia.” Pp. 91–115 in European Settlement and Development in North America: Essays on Geographical Change in Honour and Memory of Andrew Hill Clark, ed. James R. Gibson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978.
  • Hine, Darlene Clark. Hine Sight: Black Women and the Reconstruction of American History. Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 1994.
  • Holly, James Theodore. “A Vindication of the Capacity of the Negro Race.” Pp. 21–66 in Black Separation and the Caribbean, ed. Howard H. Bell. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970.
  • Hopkins, Dwight N., and George C. L. Cummings. Cut Loose Your Stammering Tongue: Black Theology in the Slave Narratives. New York: Orbis, 1991.
  • Horne, Gerald. The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade. New York: New York University Press, 2007.
  • Hoskins, Charles L. The Trouble They Seen: Profiles in the Life of Colonel John H. Deveaux 1848–1909. Savannah, Ga.: St. Matthews Episcopal Church, 1989.
  • Page 142 →House, Albert V., ed. Planter Management and Capitalism in Antebellum Georgia: The Journal of Hugh Fraser Grant, Ricegrower. New York: Columbia University Press, 1937.
  • Howard, Rosalyn. Black Seminoles in the Bahamas. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
  • Hunter, Tera. To Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labor after the Civil War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Jaynes, Gerald D. Branches without Roots: Genesis of the Black Working Class in the American South, 1862–1882. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  • Jenkins, Adelbert H. The Psychology of the Afro-Americans: A Humanistic Approach. New York: Pergamon, 1978.
  • Jennings, Thelma. “‘Us Colored Women Had to Go Through a Plenty’: Sexual Exploitation of African American Slave Women.” Journal of Women’s History 1, no. 3 (1990): 45–74.
  • Johansson, S. Ryan. “Status Anxiety and Demographic Contraction of Privileged Populations.” Population and Development Review 13, no. 13 (1987): 439–70.
  • Johnson, Andre E. “Is the Negro Like Other People?” In Converging Identities: Blackness in the Modern African Diaspora, ed. Julius O. Adekunle and Hettie V. Williams. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
  • Jones, Jacqueline. The Dispossessed: America’s Underclass from the Civil War to the Present. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
  • ———. Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
  • ———. Saving Savannah: The City and the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.
  • Jordan, Winthrop D. The White Man’s Burden: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
  • Joyner, Charles. Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
  • Kashif, Annette I. “Africanisms upon the Land: A Study of African Influenced Place Names of the USA.” In Places of Cultural Memory. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2001.
  • Kelley, Robin D. G. “‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South.” Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (1993): 75–112.
  • Kemble, Francis A., and Frances A. Butler Leigh. Principles and Privilege: Two Women’s Lives on a Georgia Plantation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.
  • King, Wilma. Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
  • Kiser, Clyde Vernon. Sea Island to City: A Study of St. Helena Islanders in Harlem and Other Urban Centers. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
  • Klingberg, Frank W. The Southern Claims Commission. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1955.
  • Krakow, Kenneth K. Georgia Place Names. Macon, Ga.: Winship, 1975.
  • Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
  • Ledaudey, Hélène. “Behind the Mask: Ex-Slave Women and Interracial Sexual Relations.” Pp. 260–77 in Discovering the Women in Slavery, ed. Patricia Morton. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996
  • Page 143 →Legare, John P. “An Account of an Agricultural Excursion into Southern Georgia.” Southern Agriculturalist 6 (1833).
  • Leigh, Frances Butler. Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation Since the War. London: R. Bentley and Son, 1883.
  • Levine, Lawrence. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
  • Liberian Exodus Association. The Liberian Exodus: First Voyage of the Azor, Liberia. Delightful Country, Climate, Soil, and Productions, Character of the People in Liberia and How They Live. Full Information of the Exodus Movement. Charleston, S.C.: W. J. Oliver’s Print, 1878.
  • Logan, Rayford. The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877–1901. New York, Dial, 1954.
  • Loomis, Charles P., and J. Allan Beegle. Rural Social Systems: A Textbook in Rural Sociology and Anthropology. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950.
  • Lynch, Matthew. Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. New York: Praeger, 2012.
  • Magdol, Edward. A Right to the Land: Essays on the Freedmen’s Community. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977.
  • Magoc, Chris J. So Glorious a Landscape: Nature and the Environment in American History and Culture. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2002.
  • Marable, Manning. How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society. Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2000.
  • Matory, J. Lorand. “The Illusion of Isolation: The Gullah/Geechees and the Political Economy of African Culture in the Americas.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 4 (2008): 949–80.
  • Mbiti, John. Introduction to African Religion. London: Heinemann, 1991.
  • McDonald, Roderick A. The Economy and Material Culture of Slaves: Goods and Chattels on the Sugar Plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
  • McFeely, William. Sapelo’s People: A Long Walk into Freedom. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.
  • McLaurin, Melton A. Celia, a Slave. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
  • McLendon, S.G. History of the Public Domain of Georgia. Atlanta: Foote and Davis, 924.
  • McKee, Gwen, ed. A Guide to the Georgia Coast. Alpharetta, Ga.: Georgia Conservancy, 1993.
  • McPherson, James. Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Knopf, 2001.
  • Miller, Steven F., et al. “Between Emancipation and Enfranchisement: Law and the Political Mobilization of Black Southerners during Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 70 (1995): 1059–77.
  • ———. Land and Labor, 1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
  • Mohr, Clarence. “Before Sherman: Georgia Blacks and the Union War Effort, 1861–1864.” Journal of Southern History 45 (1979): 331–52.
  • ———. On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
  • Morgan, Philip D. “The Ownership of Property by Slaves in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Low Country.” Journal of Southern History 49, no. 3 (1983): 399–420.
  • ———. “Work and Culture: The Task System and the World of Lowcountry Blacks, 1700–1880.” William and Mary Quarterly 39, no. 4 (1982): 564–99.
  • Page 144 →Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Vintage, 2004.
  • ———. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage, 1993.
  • Morton, Patricia, ed. Discovering the Women in Slavery: Emancipating Perspectives on the American Past. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Moses, Wilson. The Golden Age of Black Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • Mullin, Michael. Africa in America: Slave Acculturation and Resistance in the American South and British Caribbean, 1736–1831. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
  • Myers, Richard R., and J. Beegle. “Delineation and Analysis of the Rural-Urban Fringe.” Applied Anthropology 6, no. 2 (1947): 14–22.
  • Myers, Robert Manson, ed. Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972.
  • Nathans, Sydney. “Fortress without Walls.” In Holding on to the Land and the Lord: Kinship, Ritual, Tenure, and Social Policy in the Rural South, ed. Robert Hall and Carol Stack. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982
  • Nelson, William. The Roots of American Bureaucracy, 1830–1900. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • O’Donovan, Susan W. Becoming Free in the Cotton South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007.
  • Omolade, Barbara. The Rising Song of Afro-American Women. New York: Routledge, 1986.
  • Otto, John Solomon. “Slavery in a Coastal Community—Glynn County (1790–1860),” Georgia Historical Quarterly 63, no. 4 (1979): 461–68.
  • Owens, Leslie. This Specie of Property: Slave Life and Culture in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
  • Parish, Peter J. Slavery: History and Historians. New York: Harper and Row, 1989.
  • Parrish, Lydia. Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
  • Penningroth, Dylan. The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
  • ———. “Slavery, Freedom, and Social Claims to Property among African Americans in Liberty County, Georgia, 1850–1880.” Journal of American History 84, no. 2 (1997): 405–35.
  • Perdue, Robert. The Negro in Savannah, 1865–1900. New York: Exposition Press, 1973.
  • Phillips, Gervase. “Slave Resistance in the Antebellum South.” History Review 59 (2007): 34–35.
  • Phillips, Ulrich B. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment, and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936.
  • Powell, Lawrence. New Masters: Northern Planters during the Civil War and Reconstruction. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980.
  • Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War. Boston: Little Brown, 1969.
  • Rabaka, Reiland. “The Souls of White Folk: W. E. B. Du Bois’s Critique of White Supremacy and Contributions to Critical White Studies.” Journal of African American Studies 11, no. 1 (2007): 1–15.
  • Rabinow, Paul, ed. The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
  • Page 145 →Rabinowitz, Howard, ed. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
  • Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The “Invisible Institution” in the American South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • Rael, Patrick. Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
  • Ramey, Daina L. “‘She Do a Heap of Work’: Female Slave Labor on Glynn County Rice and Cotton Plantations.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 82, no. 4 (1998): 707–34.
  • Rawick, George P. From Sundown to Sunup: The Making of the Black Community. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1972.
  • ———, ed. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, Supplement I. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977.
  • Redkey, Edwin S. “Bishop Turner’s African Dream.” Journal of American History 54, no. 2 (1967): 217–90.
  • ———. Black Exodus: Black Nationalists and Back to Africa Movements, 1890–1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969.
  • ———, ed. Respect Black: The Writings and Speeches of Henry McNeal Turner. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1971.
  • Reed, Ruth. “The Negro Women of Gainsville, Georgia,” M.A. Thesis, Bulletin of the University of Georgia 22, no. 1 (1921).
  • Reidy, Joseph P. “Aaron A. Bradley: Voice of Black Labor in Lowcountry Georgia.” In Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era, ed. Howard Rabinowitz. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
  • Richardson, Heather Cox. The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post Civil War North, 1865–1901. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • ———. From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
  • Riddleberger, Patrick W. 1866: The Critical Year Revisited. New York: University Press of America, 1984.
  • Ripley, C. Peter, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.
  • Rose, Harold M. “The All Negro Town: Its Evolution and Function.” Geographic Review 55 (1955): 362–81.
  • Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
  • Rosen, Hannah. Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Rosenbaum, Art. Shout because You’re Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998.
  • Savannah, Florida, and Western Railway Company Guide to Southern Georgia and Florida. Savannah, Georgia, 1879.
  • Saville, Julie. The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave Labor to Wage Labor in South Carolina, 1860–1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Page 146 →Savitt, Todd L., and James Harvey Young, eds. Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988.
  • Schmidt, James. Free to Work: Labor Law, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 1815–1880. Athens: University of Georgia, 1999.
  • Schuler, Edgar A. “Some Regional Variations in Levels and Standards of Living.” Rural Sociology 9 (1944): 122–41.
  • Schwalm, Leslie A. A Hard Fight for We: Women’s Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
  • Schwarz, Marie Jenkins. Born in Bondage: Growing Up Enslaved in the Antebellum South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000.
  • Schweninger, Loren. Black Property Owners in the South, 1795–1910. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
  • Scott, James. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990.
  • Sherman, William T. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton, 1990.
  • Shiflett, Crandall A. “The Household Composition of Rural Black Families: Louisa County, Virginia, 1880.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6, no. 2 (1975): 235–60.
  • Shryock, Richard H., ed., Letters to Richard D. Arnold, M.D., 1808–1876. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1929.
  • Simms, James. The First Colored Church of North America. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1888.
  • Simpson, John. “A Reflection of Black Enterprise in the Old South.” Lincoln Review 10 (1990).
  • Singleton, Theresa A. “Slavery and Spatial Dialectics on Cuban Coffee Plantations.” The Archaeology of Slavery 33, no. 1 (2001): 98–114.
  • Skocpol, Theda. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the U.S. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  • Small, Kermit. Yearbook of Colored Savannah. n.p., 1934. Savannah Public Library, Savannah, Georgia.
  • Smith, John David. When Did Southern Segregation Begin?. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002.
  • Smith, Julia Floyd. Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750–1860. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985.
  • Sobel, Mechal. Trabelin’ On: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.
  • Stacy, James. History of the Midway Congregational Church, Liberty County, Georgia. 1903; repr., Newnan, Georgia: S.W. Murray, 1951.
  • Stampp, Kenneth. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South. New York: Vintage, 1956.
  • Stanley, Amy Dru. From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.
  • Stanley, Amy Dru. “Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights.” American Historical Review 115 (2010): 732–65.
  • Starobin, Robert, ed. Blacks in Bondage: The Letters of American Slaves. New York: New Viewpoints, 1974.
  • Page 147 →Stewart, Mart A. “Rice, Water, and Power: Landscapes of Domination and Resistance in the Low Country, 1790–1880.” Environmental History Review 15, no. 3 (1991): 47–64.
  • ———. “What Nature Suffers to Groe”: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1860–1920. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
  • Stoddard, Albert H. “Origin, Dialect, Beliefs, and Characteristics of the Negroes of the South Carolina and Georgia Coasts.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 28 (1944): 187–95.
  • Stuckey, Sterling. Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • Swann-Wright, Dianne. A Way Out of No Way: Claiming Family and Freedom in the New South. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2002.
  • Swint, Henry L., ed. Dear Ones at Home: Letters from Contraband Camps. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1966.
  • Taylor, Arnold. Travail and Triumph: Black Life and Culture in the Old South. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1976.
  • Taylor, Joe Gray. Negro Slavery in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Historical Society, 1963.
  • Taylor, Susie King. A Black Woman’s Civil War Memoirs: Reminiscences of My Life with the 33rd U.S. Colored Troops, Late 1st South Carolina Volunteers, ed. Patricia Romero. New York: M. Wiener Publishers, 1988.
  • Terborg Penn, Rosalyn. African American Women in the Struggle For the Vote. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1998.
  • Thomas, John P. “The Barbadians in Early South Carolina.” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 31 (1930): 75–93.
  • Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage, 1983.
  • Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Turner, Elizabeth Hayes. Women and Gender in the New South, 1865–1945. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 2009.
  • Turner, Lorenzo Dow. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
  • Vinson, Robert. “The Law as Lawbreaker: The Promotion and Encouragement of the Atlantic Slave Trade by the New York Judiciary System, 1857–1862.” Unpublished seminar paper, Howard University, 1994.
  • Wallenstein, Peter. From Slave South to New South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.
  • The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, D.C., 1880–1902.
  • Wardlaw, Ralph. “Negro Suffrage in Georgia, 1867–1930.” Bulletin of the University of Georgia, Phelps-Stokes Fellowship Studies 33, no. 11 (1932).
  • Washington, Booker T. “Town Owned by Negroes.” World’s Work 14 (1907): 9125–34.
  • Webber, Thomas L. Deep Like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community, 1831–1865. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978.
  • Weiner, Mark. The Black Trials: Citizenship from the Beginnings of Slavery to the End of Caste. New York: Vintage, 2004.
  • Page 148 →White, Deborah Gray. Ar’n’t I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: W. W. Norton, 1985.
  • Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.
  • Williams, David. I Freed Myself: African American Self-Emancipation in the Civil War Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Williams, Kidada E. They Left Great Marks on Me: African American Testimonies of Racial Violence from Emancipation to World War I. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
  • Wilms, Douglas C. “The Development of Rice Culture in 18th Century Georgia.” Southeastern Geographer 12 (1972): 45–57.
  • Windley, Lathan. Runaway Slave Advertisements: A Documentary History from the 1730s to 1790. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.
  • Wood, Betty. Women’s Work, Men’s Work: The Informal Slave Economies of Lowcountry Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
  • Woodson, Carter G. The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in His Letters. New York: Dover, 1926.
  • ———. The Rural Negro. Washington, D.C.: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1930.
  • Woofter, T. J. “The Negroes of Athens Georgia,” Bulletin of the University of Georgia 14, no. 4 (1913).
  • Work, Monroe. The Negro Yearbook. Tuskegee, Ala.: Tuskegee Institute, 1912.
  • Work, Monroe. “The Negroes of Warsaw, Georgia.” World’s Work 37 (1908).
  • Work, Monroe. “Principal Negro Towns and Settlements.” Negro Yearbook. Tuskegee, Ala.: Tuskegee Institute, 1912.
  • Works Progress Administration, Annals of Savannah, 1850–1937: A Digest and Index of the Newspaper Record of Events and Opinions, in Eighty-Seven Volumes, vol. 16. Savannah: Savannah Public Library, 1937.
  • ———. Louisiana: Past and Present. New York: Hastings House, 1971.
  • Wright, Donald. African Americans in the Colonial Era. Illinois: Harlan Davison, 1990.

Annotate

Next Chapter
Index
PreviousNext
© 2018 University of South Carolina
Powered by Manifold Scholarship. Learn more at
Opens in new tab or windowmanifoldapp.org