Page 149 →Index

The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

A.M.E. church
Abdalli (Muslim fugitive slave)
accommodation
acculturation, religious
Adams, William
Africa: impact of transatlantic slave trade on; return to; Rice and Grain Coast
African cultural identity; country markings; drumming; knowledge of rice cultivation. See also cultural identity
African languages
African religious beliefs
agency
Agnew, Elizabeth
Akan
Alabama
Alafin of Oyo
Alford, Terry
Alik (Muslim fugitive slave)
all-black towns. See also Burroughs community
Altamaha district
Altamaha River
American Missionary Association
American Negro Slave Revolts (Aptheker)
American Negro Slavery (Phillips)
Amnesty Act (1865)
Anaconda Plan
Ancrum, Plenty
Anderson, Edward C.
Anderson, Elizabeth
Anderson, James
Andrews, Fanny
antebellum period; rice production. See also rice plantations; slavery
Appling v. Odum
Aptheker, Herbert
Arabic
Archery (Sumter County)
Argyle Island
Arkwright, Crispy
armed resistance. See rebellions
Armstrong, Thomas F.
army: all-black regiments; Freedmen’s Bureau and; at Ogeechee insurrection. See also Union Army
Ashanti
Astley, Thomas
Atkins, James
Austin, Sandy
autonomous communities. See also Burroughs community
autonomy; personal

Bailey, Cornelia
Bailing, Nick
Baker, Lawrence
Baker, Ophelia
Bambara people
Bantu
Page 150 →baptism
barrier islands. See also Cumberland Island; Jekyll Island; Ossabaw Island; Sapelo Island; Sea Islands; St. Catherine’s Island; St. Simons Island
Baxley, George
Bell, Bilally
Belle Ville
Belmont
Ben (fugitive slave)
Benedict, Judge
Benedict, Thomas
benevolent societies, female
Bentley, Moses H.
Bernardey, Elizabeth
Beverly-Berwick plantation
Bewlie, William Stephens
Biafra (port)
Bilali Mohomet (Ben Ali)
Black, Sam (Samuel)
Black Codes
black communities. See also Burroughs community; communities; separatism
black institutions. See also churches; mutual associations; secret societies
black nationalism
black population
blackness
Blake, Amos
Blake, Comfort
Blake, Daniel
Blassingame, John
Blount, Apollo
Boles, Sukey and Thomas
Bonny (port)
Bradley, Aaron A.
Bradley, C.
Broughton, Mingo
Brown, Charles
Brown, Elsa Barkley
Brown, Fortune
Brown, Kate
Brown, Katie
Brownsville
Brunswick
Bryan, Andrew
Bryan County
Bryant, J. E.
Bucknie, Tom
Bullock, Rufus
Bunyan, George
Bureau of Free Labor (Louisiana)
Bureau of Negro Labor (Louisiana)
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau
Burr, Benjamin
Burroughs, Ann A.
Burroughs, John
Burroughs, Joseph and Alethea
Burroughs, Nina
Burroughs, William
Burroughs, William, Jr.
Burroughs community; adjudication of the law; Article Authorizing the Election of Corporate Officers; economic activities; incorporation of; landownership; mayor of; petitioners
Burroughs Union Club
Butler, Benjamin
Butler, Binah
Butler, Jesse
Butler, Pierce
Butler’s Island

C.M.E. church
Cain (fugitive slave)
Calabar (port)
Camden County
Camp, Stephanie M. H.
Campbell, Paul
Campbell, Tunis G.
Candole, Amelie
Cannon’s Point plantation
Cannonville (Troup County)
Page 151 →Caribbean
celebrations
Charity (former slave)
Charley (bound laborer)
Chatham County; Burroughs (see also Burroughs community); Ogeechee district; rural population
Cheves, John R.
Cheves, Langdon
children: family economy and; held as bound laborers; intergenerational land transfers
cholera
Christianity
churches
Cimbala, Paul
civil courts
Civil War: destruction caused by; emancipation; landownership; marginal spaces of freedom in; naval blockade; occupation of New Orleans; refugees; restoration following. See also Sherman’s Field Order
The Claims of Kinfolk (Penningroth)
Clinton, Catherine
Coco Bend plantation
collective identity
Collins, John T.
Colored Farmers’ Alliance
Colored Pictures (Harris)
communities: all-black; autonomous; interplantation networks; kinship and; landownership and; networks; social life; women’s networks. See also Burroughs community; landownership; oppositional communities
compensation; free labor ideology and; for women
Compromise of 1877
Confiscation Acts; First (1861); Second (1862)
Conrad, Bryan
contract labor system
Corker, J. W.
cotton gin
cotton plantations
country markings
Couper, James Hamilton
Couper, John H.
Crawford, Lectured
Crawford, Martha
Crawford, Richard
Crawford, Sambo
Creel, Margaret Washington
cultural identity; barrier islands and; political significance of. See also African cultural identity
Cumberland Island
Curry, Hamilton
Cuthbert, Jack

Daniel (fugitive slave)
Daphne (Muslim)
Darien; County Board of Commissioners
Darien Baptist Church
Daughters of Nehemiah
Davis, Golla Jones
Davis, Mungo
Davis, Robin
Davis, Sarah
Davis, Sophie
Dawson (former slave)
death, freedom through
deeds
Delany, Martin R.
Democrats
Dennerson, Golla
Dennerson, Lunnon
Deveaux, John H.
Dickinson, William
dietary practices
dignity
Dinah (laborer)
discrimination
diseases
Page 152 →disfranchisement
Dittmersville
Dollie, P. C.
Dolly (fugitive slave)
domestic workers
Donnan, Elizabeth
Dooner, James
Dougherty County
Douse, Carolyn
drum beating
Du Bois, W. E. B.
Dusinberre, William

Ealy, Caroline
East Hermitage plantation
Eaton, William F.
Ebenezer Creek incident
economic independence
economic justice
economic liberalism
economic marginalization
economic rights
economic subordination
Edisto Island
Edwards, Ned
Edy, Elizabeth
elected officials. See representatives
Elliott, Stephen
Elliott, Stephen, Jr.
Elmina (port)
emancipation; self-emancipation. See also freedom; runaway slaves
Emancipation Proclamation
emigrationism
English language
enticement
entrepreneurial activities
equality; Christianity and
Eve (slave)
Everett, R. W.
Experiment plantation
Eyck, Andrew T.

fair compensation. See “full and fair compensation”
families; landownership and; slavery’s impact on. See also kinship
Fanny (fugitive slave)
Farley, Solomon
Farmer, Mary J.
Farmers’ Alliance
Farmers’ Alliance Hall
farming
Farragut, David G.
federal land policy; failure of
Ferguson, Matilda
Ferguson, William
Fernandina (ship)
Field Order No. 15. See Sherman’s Field Order
First African Baptist Church
First Bryan Baptist Church
First Colored Baptist Church
First Louisiana Native Guards
Fitch, Henry S.
Five Pound Tree
Flanders, Ralph
floggings
Folks, W. B.
Foner, Eric
Ford, Henry
Forrester, Jake
Forster, Bailey
Fort Argyle community
Fort McAllister
“forty acres and a mule”. See also landownership; Sherman’s Field Order
Foster, J. G.
Foulah language
Fountain, H. A.
Franklin, John Hope
Frazier, Garrison
free labor ideology
Freedmen’s Bank; records of
Freedmen’s Bureau; army staff; assistance Page 153 →to black women; complaints lodged with; judicial work of; labor policy; land distribution and; records of
freedmen’s courts
Freedmen’s Savings and Trust
freedom; Christianity and; Civil War era; as defined by African Americans; narratives of; social justice and; through death. See also emancipation; narratives of resistance; resistance; runaway slaves
French language
fugitive slaves. See runaway slaves
Fula people
Fulani Empire
Fulfulde speakers
“full and fair compensation”. See also compensation
functional property
funerals

Gambia
gang labor system
Gardner, Eddie
Garlic, Delia
Gaston, Phillip and Amelia
Geechee. See Gullah/Geechee language
Geertz, Clifford
Genovese, Eugene
George, Preacher
Georgia Benevolent Fishermen’s Association (GBFA)
Georgia House of Representatives
Georgia lowcountry. See lowcountry
Gibbons, William H.
Gibson, Solomon
Gilbert, Phoebe
ginning
Gladden, Frank
Glynn County
Gola people
Gold Coast
Golding, William A.
Gomez, Michael
Gorée (port)
Gould, Allen C.
Gowrie plantation
Graham, John
Grant, Charles
Grant, Flander
Grant, Hugh F.
Grant, Jacob
Grant, Jake
Grant, James
Grant, Miller B.
Grant, Rosa
Great Awakenings, First and Second
Great Ogeechee Church
Green, Captain
Green, Elze
Green, Gertrude
Green, Hannah
Green, Mae Ruth
Green, Phyllis
Greene, Limus
Greenough (Mitchell County)
Grove Hill plantation
Grove Point plantation
Grover, General
Grovner, John
Gullah Christianity
Gullah/Geechee language

Habersham, Robert
Habersham, Stephen
Habersham, William
Hahn, Steven
Hall, Charlotte Ann
Hall, Serina
Hall, Shad
Hallows, Miller
Hamit (slave)
Hampton plantation
Hanks, George H.
Harris, Francis
Harris, Michael D.
Hayes, Rutherford B.
Page 154 →headrights
Heidt, Emanuel
heirs’ property
Henderson, Henrietta
Hermitage plantation
Herskovits, Melville
Hester (slave)
Hesther (daughter of Bilali)
Heyward, Arthur
Hillery Land Company
Holden, Governor
Holzendorf, J. M.
Hood, John Bell
Hopeton plantation
Horsa (steamship)
Houston, Jeff
Houston, Tonie
Houston, Ulysses
Howard, Oliver Otis
Howard, Richard H.
Howes, Romeo
humanity
Hunter, David
Hunter, Rachel
Hutchinson Island

identity: collective. See also African cultural identity; cultural identity
identity politics
Igbos
inheritance
institutional property
insurrections. See rebellions
internal land trade
internal slave economy
Islam

Jackson, Hamilton
Jackson, Henry R.
Jackson, Hillard
Jackson, Lewis
Jallon, Futa
James (fugitive slave)
James Island
Jane (former slave)
Jane (fugitive slave)
Jane (slave at Kelvin Grove)
Jayhawks
Jefferson, Sambo
Jekyll Island
Johnson, Andrew
Johnson, Caroline
Johnson, Eve
Johnson, James
Johnson, Maria
Johnson, Nancy
Johnson, Ryna
Johnston, Alexander
Jones, Austin
Jones, Charles C.
Jones, Jacqueline
Jones, Joseph
Jones, Larson Sharper
Joyner, Charles
judicial systems
Judy (slave)

Kashif, Annette
Kaufman, Julius
Kay, Raymond
Kelvin Grove plantation
Ketchum, A. P.
King, Caesar
King, Edward
King, Roswell, Sr.
King, Thomas Butler
King, William
kinship; community and; intracomunity networks and; language and (see also languages); property ownership and; solidarity and
Ku Klux Klan
Kulikoff, Allan

labor: contract labor system; free labor ideology; gang labor system; task labor system; wage labor; Page 155 →women and
labor contracts
labor protests
Labor Union Protective Association (LUPA)
Lachison, Richard
Ladies Galatian Society
Lady (slave)
Lamar, Charles
land: control of; internal trade; possessory titles; poverty and; received under Sherman’s Field Order; scarcity of; value of
landownership: of abandoned plantations during Civil War; economic justice through; families and; farmland; by former slaves; headrights; intergenerational transfer; political activism and; politicians and; as status marker; symbolism of; women’s community networks and
landscape; runaway slaves and. See also rivers; Sea Islands
languages; African; shared; Western
Lawson, Thomas E.
Lawton, John G.
leaders, African American; women as
LeCounte, Adam
LeCounte, Hercules
LeCounte, Joseph
LeCounte, Joshua
LeCounte, Richard
legislators. See representatives
Legree, Amos
Legree, Fred
Legree, J. C. (Joshua)
Legree, Sallie
Leigh, Frances Butler
Lempster (fugitive slave)
Leroy (Burke County)
Letters Received
level of living
Levine, Lawrence
Lewis, Benjamin
liberation ideology
liberation theology
Liberian Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Company
Liberty County
Lincoln, Abraham
Little, Preacher
livestock
Livingstone, L. F.
Logan, Rayford
Louisiana; contract labor; rice plantations; slave population
lowcountry: ecosystems; landscape; population (1860); rivers. See also communities; plantations
Lowman, Clara and Sam
Lowman, London
Lucia (fugitive slave)
Lucy (slave)
lynching

MacLeod, Francis H.
Magnolia plantation
Major, Sam
Malinke (Mandingo) people
Mallard, John B.
Mande speakers
Manigault, Louis
Margaret (daughter of Bilali)
market economy
Mary Magdalene Society
masculinity
Masons
Matthews family
Maxwell, Peter
Page 156 →Mbiti, John
McGill, Mary
McIntosh County
McIvor, S. A.
McMullen (planter)
McNeil, Dandy
Meade, George G.
Mein and Mackay
memory
Mende
Middle Passage
Middleton, J. Motte
Midway district
migration: to northern cities; from rural areas
military. See army; Union Army
Militia Act
mill toll
Miller, H. H.
Miller, William H.
Miller’s Station (railway)
Millersville
Mintz, Sidney
Mississippi
Mohr, Clarence
Montevideo plantation
Moore, Francis
Moore, S. P.
moral uplift
Morgan, Phillip D.
Morgin, William
Morrel, Prince
Morris (former slave)
Morrison, Toni
Moses, Charles L.
Moses, Wilson
Mount Olive Baptist Church
Mt. Zion C.M.E. church
Murray, Tenah
Muslims
mutual associations; in Burroughs; women and

naming practices
Nancy (slave at Grove Hill)
Nancy (slave at Read’s plantation)
Nannie (bound laborer)
Nanny (slave)
narratives of resistance
nationalist ideology
Native Americans
Nelson, C. K.
Nelson, William E.
networks: community; interplantation; women’s
New Hope plantation
New Ogeechee Baptist Church
New Orleans; occupation of; rice trade
newspapers
Norman, Rachel
North Carolina

occupations. See also rice planters
Ogeechee district
Ogeechee Home Guards
“Ogeechee Manifesto”
Ogeechee Neck
Ogeechee plantations
Ogeechee River
Ogeechee road
Ogeechee troubles
Okra (African)
Old Betty (slave)
Old Sarah (slave)
ole Israel (Muslim)
On the Threshold of Freedom (Mohr)
oppositional communities; establishment of; formation of; in Georgia lowcountry; institutional property; women in. See also communities
oral narratives. See also narratives of resistance
Page 157 →Order of the Eastern Star
Ossabaw Island
Oyo
oyster industry

Paeche, Sally
paternalistic ethos
Patty (slave at Bewlie’s plantation)
Patty (slave at Grove Hill)
Peace Proclamation (1866)
The Peculiar Institution (Stampp)
Penningroth, Dylan
Perry, J. H.
Peter (former slave)
Peter (fugitive slave)
Phillips, Ann
Phillips, Harris
Phillips, Ulrich B.
plantations; abandoned; absentee management; land titles; management by Northern investors; resistance to free labor market; task labor system. See also rice plantations
political activity; Ogeechee troubles; Reconstruction era; of women
political unification. See also black nationalism
poll tax
Polly (slave)
Poor and Needy Institute
population: lowcountry Georgia (1860); ratio of African Americans to whites
Porter, B. F.
possessory titles
postbellum period. See also autonomous communities; Reconstruction; wage labor
poverty
Powell, James
Prairie plantation
preachers, enslaved
Preston, Barney
probate records
property: functional; heirs’ property; institutional; symbolic
property ownership. See also landownership
property rights
protests
Provost Court, Savannah
punishment: in autonomous communities; under slavery

Raboteau, Albert
racial biases
racial ideology
racial solidarity
racial unity
racial uplift
racism
Radical Republicans. See also Republican Party
Rautchenburg, Charles
Raymond R. Kay v. Charles Walthour, Peter Way, and Billy Gillman
Read, James
rebellions; Ogeechee troubles; Red River uprising
Reconstruction; contract labor; free labor and; vigilante violence during
Reconstruction Act (1867)
Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Georgia
Records of the Comptroller of the Currency
Records relating to Labor Contracts
Red River uprising
Redkey, Edwin S.
refugeeing. See also runaway slaves
Register of Complaints
Register of Land Titles
Registers of Labor Contracts
Regulators
Reidy, Joseph P.
Reinier, John
Page 158 →religion; African religious beliefs; Christianity; churches; Gullah Christianity; Islam; as resistance
religious acculturation
reparations
representatives, African American
Republican Party; African American support for; Radical Republicans
resignation
resistance: autonomous communities; during Civil War; cultural; free labor and fair compensation; landownership as; “private transcripts”; religion as; during slavery. See also Burroughs community; landownership; rebellions; religion
Retreat plantation
revolts. See rebellions
Rice and Grain Coast of West Africa
rice culture
rice plantations; on barrier islands; in Louisiana; on Ogeechee
rice planters, African American
rice production; in 1860; antebellum period; occupations related to; post-Civil War; technologies of
rice tax
Ripley, C. Peter
Risley, Douglass
rivers
Roberts, Linda
Roberts, Tony
Robinson, Phoebe
Roper, Moses
Rose, Willie Lee
Roulabit, David
Royal, William
runaway slaves; advertisements for; during Civil War; in Native American communities; refugeeing; waterways and; women. See also resistance
rural-urban link
Russell, Philip M., Jr.
Russell, Samuel
Ruthy (slave)

St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Church
St. Catherine’s Island
St. James Tabernacle A.M.E. Church
St. John the Baptist Society
St. Mary’s River
St. Simons Island
Salih Bilali
Samuel (former slave)
Samuels, Dorca
Sapelo Island
Sarah (slave)
Satilla River
Savannah; Provost Court
Savannah Daily Herald
Savannah Georgia Gazette
Savannah Morning News
Savannah River
Savannah Tribune
Savannah-Chatham County; plantation districts
Savannah-Ogeechee district
Saville, Julie
Saving Savannah (Jones)
Saxton, Rufus
Schley, William
Schmidt, James
Schuler, Edgar A.
Schweninger, Loren
Screven, John and Thomas
Sea Islands; enslaved population; former slaves in; wages. Page 159 →See also Cumberland Island; Jekyll Island; Ossabaw Island; Sapelo Island; St. Catherine’s Island; St. Simons Island
Sealy, Angeline
Sears, Alfred
Second Baptist Church
secret societies
segregation, protest movements against
self-determination
self-emancipation. See also runaway slaves
self-esteem
self-governance. See also autonomous communities
self-help
self-reliance
self-segregation. See also separatism
self-sufficiency
Senegal
Senegambia region
separatism
Serer people
sexual abuse
Shaftesbury plantation
sharecroppers
Shaw, Francis
Sheftall, Abraham
Sheftall, Margaret
Sheftall, Susan
Sheftall, William
Sheftall family
Shellman, Jacob
Shellman, John
Sheppard, C. B.
Sheppard, Pinkey
Sherman, T. W.
Sherman, William; march through Georgia
Sherman’s Field Order
Shigg, Abelard
shipbuilding
Sierra Leone
Silvia (fugitive slave)
Simms, James
Sina (slave)
Sinder (slave)
Singleton, Nancy
Skidaway Island
Slave Community, The (Blassingame)
slave economy, internal
slave narratives. See also narratives of resistance; runaway slaves
slave ships
slave trade; 1808 ban on; impact on West Africa
slaveholders: numbers of slaves owned. See also rice plantations
slavery: oppression of; population in Louisiana; property ownership and; reparations for; resistance to; scholarship on; task labor system. See also runaway slaves
Slocum, H. W.
Smith, Alfred B.
Smith, Belali
Smith, John David
Sneed, Prince
Snelson, S.
Sobel, Mechal
social dialectics
social institutions
social justice
solidarity
Sons and Daughters of Jerusalem
Sons and Daughters of Mount Sinai
Sons and Daughters of Southville
Sons and Daughters of Zion
Sophy (slave)
Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois)
Souls of White Folk (Du Bois)
sources
South Carolina
Southern Claims Commission
Southfield plantation
Southville
Spalding, Randolph
Spalding, Thomas
Spalding plantation
Page 160 →Spaulding, Daniel
Spiers, Julia
Stafford, Robert
Stampp, Kenneth
standard of living
Stanley, Amy Dru
Stanton, Edwin M.
Starks, Caroline
State of Georgia ex rel William J. Clements v. Richard W. White
State of Georgia v. Captain Green
stereotypes
Stevens, Josephine
Stewart, Dandy
Stewart, Dandy, Jr.
Stewart, James
Stewart, Selina
Stikes, Moses
Stone, A. W.
Stoney, January
Strong, George
Stuckey, Sterling
subsistence agriculture
Sullivan, Ben
Superior Court land records
Sweeney, Thomas W.
Sydney (fugitive slave)
symbolic property
symbolism of landownership

task labor system
tax records
taxes: poll tax; rice tax
Taylor, Susie King
Ten Broeck Race Track
Them Dark Days (Dusinberre)
Third South Carolina Volunteers
Thirteenth Amendment
Thompson, Robert Farris
Thorpe, Ed
Tillman, Rebecca
“Toney” Jacob (fugitive slave)
Toomer, Louis B.
traders, female
Truth, Madam
Tucker, Captain J. F.
Turner, Henry McNeal
Twenty-First U.S. Colored Troops (U.S.C.T)
Tybee Island

Underwood, Carolina and Hannah
Union Army: emancipation of slaves; former slaves in; Freedmen’s Bureau and; General Order No. 11 (emancipation); General Order No. 24 (draft exemption); Special Field Order No. 120 (military recruitment). See also Sherman’s Field Order
Union League
unions
usufruct rights

vagrancy
Vallambrosia plantation
Villerie, E.
violence: during Civil War; lynching; during Reconstruction; toward slaves
Virginia
voting rights

wage labor
Waldburg, Jacob
Wanderer (slave ship)
Wanton, John
Ward, Mars
Warner, Peter
Warner, Winter
Washington, James
Wassaw Island
watershed districts
waterways, runaway slaves and
Watson, Fortune and Tilla
Watson, Thomas
Way, W. H.
Way’s Station
Weiner, Mark
West, C. W.
Page 161 →West Africa: impact of transatlantic slave trade on; Rice and Grain Coast. See also Africa; African cultural identity
Weston, Norris
Wheeler, Joseph
Wheeler, William A.
whippings
White, Deborah Gray
White, Elizabeth
White, Ivey
white attitudes toward former slaves
white population
white supremacy
white women
Whitemarsh Island
whiteness
Wild Horn plantation
Williams, Billy
Williams, Diamond
Williams, Dolly
Williams, James
Williams, Peter
Williams, Rosanna
wills
Wilson, Anthony
Wilson, James H.
Wilson, Mary
Winn, Thomas E.
women: benevolent societies; enslaved, sexual abuse of; entrepreneurial activities; free labor; as head of household; kinship and; labor protests by; landownership; leadership; marketing activities; networks; runaway slaves; stereotypes about; task labor system and; wage labor
Woodville
Wright, Prince

Young, Adam

Zion Baptist Association Page 162 →

Page 163 →About the Author

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