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Index
Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
- Abernathy, Glenn, 11, 15, 122–23, 194
- Acheson, Dean, 132
- affirmative action, xv, 78
- Agnew, Spiro, 189
- Alexis, Clare, 92
- Alexis, Josey, 92
- Alinsky, Saul, 128
- American Missionary Association, 36
- Anderson, Carmen, 116
- Anderson, Marian, 103
- Anderson, Robert “Bob” G., 9, 114, 115, 116, 265n4
- Anderson, Warren, 214
- Ashenhurst, Jody, 150
- Atlanta University. See Clark Atlanta University
- Backman, Andrew (paternal great-grandfather), 28
- Backman, Mary (paternal great-grandmother), 28
- Baird, Zoe, 216
- Barnes, Wallace, 214
- Barr, William, 83
- Beck, Roswell, 108
- Bell v. Maryland (1964), 149
- Bell, Derrick, 147, 148
- Bell, Randall “Randy,” 198
- Bell, Robert “Bob,” 149, 149–50, 195
- Bell, Samuel, 185
- Berger-Sweeney, Joanne, 234
- Bernstein, Leonard, 235, 261–62n5
- Biddle University, xiii, 1, 16, 38, 40, 45, 254
- Biddle, Mary D., 45
- Biden, Joseph, 83, 84
- Black businesses, 51, 53, 67, 231
- Black debutante balls, 54
- Black educational advancement, xiv, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 106, 230, 233, 241
- Black educators, 36, 37, 65, 68, 249n4, 254n19
- Black elitism, 97–98, 186, 229, 230, 239, 255n10
- Black empowerment movement, 120, 157
- Black history, 116
- Black land ownership, 26–27, 50, 96, 97, 257n8
- Black lawyers, 46, 53, 148, 186, 197–98, 243–44
- Black Lives Matter, 226, 227
- Black majority populations, 50
- Black medical professionals, 28, 38, 50, 51, 54, 56, 98, 108
- Black middle class, xv, 12, 50, 98, 186
- Black scholars, xv-xvi, 1, 50, 217
- Black shrimping work, 107, 108
- Black voting rights, xv, 12, 65, 79, 85
- Blalock, Louise, 234
- Bond, Julian, 120, 121, 125, 131
- Bontemps, Arna, 106
- Bowers Chapel (Mars Bluff, SC), 13, 13, 16, 29
- Bowers, Amari (grandson), 208
- Bowers, Andrew Jerome (uncle), 252–53n33
- Bowers, Andrew Leroy “Roy” (brother), 31, 57, 69, 70, 72, 205
- Bowers, Anne Elizabeth Brown (mother): 31, 32, 68, 94, 156, 254n1; church life, 67, 69, 92–93, 99; civil rights activism, 4, 12–13, 86, 100; domestic work, 3, 4, 5; educational training, 2, 12, 67; influence on James Bowers, 2, 7–8, 106, 191; musical talent, 92, 103; teaching career, 2, 3–5, 12, 68, 73, 77–78, 80, 89, 100
- Bowers, Azalea (granddaughter), 208
- Bowers, Ella Florence Green (paternal grandmother), 28, 29–30, 252n28,29
- Bowers, James Edward: 6, 56, 151; Aetna Life & Casualty Company, 213–16, 219, 242, 244; American Bar Association, 187, 188, 190, 215, 240; as Boston University School of Law professor, 195; charitable board of directors service, 217, 218, 238; Christ the King School, 57–58, 60; church life, 32–34, 52, 92–93; civil rights activism, 5, 10–11, 55, 87, 105–6, 125–27, 130, 238, 243–44; commitment to Black education, 2, 13–14, 59; early life in Orangeburg, 47–63; enslaved ancestors, 1, 5, 15, 17, 20–21, 24–25, 28, 45, 87; at Fisk, 5, 10, 14, 62, 70, 99, 102, 104–9, 116, 140, 238; Foreign Affairs Scholars Program, 130, 131; Harvard Law School, 6, 11, 36, 43, 95, 137–56, 158–63, 239; law practice, 145, 181–85, 187, 195, 219, 242–43; at Pigotts, 154, 164–80; Securities & Exchange Commission, 199, 200, 203, 211–13, 242; Twilight Club, 229–34; as USC Law School professor, xiv, 6, 15, 46, 87, 144, 190–94, 196–98, 241; as USC student, 5, 8, 14, 43, 54, 128, 130; USC Upward Bound program, 137
- Bowers, Neville Swanson (son), 29, 98, 141, 153, 205–7, 208, 208–9, 223, 226
- Bowers, Oliver Swanson (son), 29, 98, 204–7, 208, 208–10
- Bowers, Rebecca “Becky” Swanson (wife), 134, 153, 200–205, 207, 208, 209, 218
- Bowers, Tommie Jane (aunt), 57, 252–53n33
- Bowers, Walter Backman (paternal grandfather), 13, 16, 28–29, 252n32
- Bowers, Walter Thomas (father): 14, 29, 31, 50, 65, 67, 99, 252–53n33; civil rights activism, 65, 257n3; life insurance career, 62, 64–66, 68, 191, 192; self-reliant nature, 13, 64
- Bowers, Walter “Wally” Thomas, II (brother): 31, 66, 70, 71–72, 151, 151, 152, 205, 252–53n33; civil rights activism, 100, 101; early life, 57, 58, 62, 69–71, 94; medical career, 154, 237
- Boyd, Charles (father of Melrena Boyd), 21
- Boyd, Joseph, 33
- Boyd, Melrena (maternal great grandmother), 21
- Braceland, Francis J., 232
- Bracton, Henry de, 138
- Brexit, 134
- Breyer, Stephen, 77
- Briggs v. Elliott (1952), 3, 4, 58, 65, 73, 75
- Briggs, Eliza, 74
- Briggs, Harry, Sr., 74
- Brimes, John, 133
- Brisbane, Robert Hughes, 131
- Brokaw, Tom, 88, 112
- Brooke, Edward, 186
- Brooks, Gwendolyn, 156
- Brown Fellowship Society, 19
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 2, 3, 48, 65, 76–77, 78–79, 80–81, 88, 139, 149
- Brown, Allie, 24
- Brown, Daniel “Put,” 232, 234–35, 261–62n5
- Brown, Edward W. (maternal great-grandfather), 16, 22, 23, 23–24, 93
- Brown, Ferdinand, 24, 42
- Brown, Hattie Alberta “Bert” (aunt), 24, 89, 90
- Brown, Henry “Pop,” 76
- Brown, James Albert (uncle), 24, 46, 91, 93
- Brown, James Alvirgus (maternal grandfather), xiii-xiv, 7, 16, 24, 32, 40, 41, 44–45, 50, 86, 237, 252n30
- Brown, Leroy (uncle), 24, 45–46, 90–91, 93–98
- Brown, Lillian Athena Riley (maternal grandmother), 24, 32, 34, 35, 45, 251n15
- Brown, Loney Edward, 24
- Brown, Richard Walter, 24
- Brown, Sarah Cornelius, 24
- Brown, Sarah Major (maternal great-grandmother), 21, 22, 24, 32, 251n16
- Bruce, Thomas (Earl of Elgin), 222, 225
- Brunson, John, 54
- Bryan, Trevor, 141
- Buffett, Warren, 184
- Bullock, Mary Alice Gresham, 191
- Bush, George H. W., 214
- Bush, George W., 160
- Bushnell, Horace, 229
- Byse, Clark, 141, 144
- Bythewood, Alton, Sr., 53
- Bythewood, Thaddeus K., 53, 126
- Caldwell, Harlowe, 54, 56
- Campbell, William “Bill,” 197
- Carlton, Richard “Dick,” 182
- Carmichael, Stokely, 120, 125
- Carter, Jimmy, 145
- Carter, Robert, 148
- Casner, James, 143
- Cecil Williams South Carolina Civil Rights Museum, 51
- charismatic business leaders, 64
- charismatic pastors, 52, 99
- Chenault, Kenneth, 147
- Christopher, Samuel, 97
- Civil Rights Act (1964), 31, 81, 108, 110, 162
- civil rights movement: 74, 79, 81, 104, 110, 162, 186; and Black churches, 52, 53, 64–65; conferences, 80, 128–29; legal efforts, 147–48, 186; nonviolent direct action, 11, 82, 100, 128; protest marches, 53, 86, 99–101, 102, 109, 186; protest songs, 100, 101, 102, 103; sit-ins, 5, 116; Supreme Court’s erosion of, 78, 85–86; Trump’s attacks on, 54, 82; white resistance, 3–4, 77; white retaliation, 4, 48–49, 74, 80; see also Bond, Julian; Briggs v. Elliott (1952); Brown v. Board of Education (1954); Cecil Williams South Carolina Civil Rights Museum; Civil Rights Act (1964); Congress of Racial Equality; Farmer, James; March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963); Marshall, Thurgood; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Newman, I. DeQuincey; Orangeburg Freedom Movement; Randolph, A. Philip; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; Voting Rights Act (1965); Waring, J. Waties; Wilkins, Roy
- Claflin University, 12, 38–39, 42, 45, 50, 52, 56, 186
- Claflin, Lee, 50
- Claflin, William, 38, 50
- Clark Atlanta University, 38, 94, 115
- Clark, Kenneth B., 131
- Clarke, A. J., 21
- Clarkson, Zack, 120
- Clinton, Bill, 122, 254n21
- Clinton, Hillary, 79, 162
- Coblyn, Donnesse “Donnie” Slade, 186
- Coblyn, Earl W., 10, 126, 126–27, 185, 188, 249n3
- Cohn, Roy, 184
- Cold War, 134, 135
- Coleridge, Clarence Nicholas, 230
- Coleman, William “Bill,” 149
- Collier, Henry, Jr., 96, 97–98
- colonialism, 130, 220
- Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural and Mechanical College: 39, 40–41, 42; see also South Carolina State University
- Colt, Elizabeth Hart Jarvis, 236, 262–63n7
- Colt, Samuel, 236
- Columbus, Christopher, 236
- communism, 133, 134, 184
- Compton, Ronald, 216
- Confederate battle flag controversy, 227
- Conference for Unrepresented People (1965), 128, 129
- Congress of Racial Equality, 103
- Cooke, Alistair, 139
- Cooke, William Wilson, 42, 53
- Cooper, Michael, 182
- cotton cultivation, 25, 27, 35, 48, 50, 96, 254n1
- Courts, Kathleen “Thais,” 141
- Cox-Chapman, Mally, 234, 235
- Crawford, Anthony, 27
- cricket, 152, 169–70
- Currier, Theodore S., 107
- Curry, J. W., 53
- cy près doctrine, 37, 253n8
- Davis, Chappell, 53
- Davis, Colin, 175
- Davis, George “Charlie” Jr., 189
- Davis, Keith, 197, 198
- Davis, Miles, 117
- Davis, Willard, 11
- Day Pitney (law firm), 219, 242
- De Gaulle, Charles, 132, 133
- Dean, Arthur, 182
- Delaine, Joseph Armstrong, 65, 74
- Delaine, Mattie, 74
- DeLana, Alice, 230, 235
- DeLana, William, 230
- Dershowitz, Alan, 141
- Deutsch, Jan, 217
- Donlan, Francis, 53, 58
- Douglas, William, 204
- Douglass, Frederick, 19, 99
- Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), 18
- Du Bois, W. E. B., 55, 86, 105, 106
- Dulles, Allen, 182
- Dulles, John Foster, 181
- DuVall, Severn, 155
- Fagan, Laura (mother of Thomas Green), 25
- fair-skinned Blacks, 38, 53, 67, 255n10
- Faison, Mack, 150
- Fanon, Frantz, 130
- Farmer, James, 103
- fascist militarism, 134
- Faulkner, William, 47, 183
- Felix, Robert, 190
- feminism, 234
- Ferber, David, 212
- Ferrara, Ralph, 213
- Fishburne, Lawrence, 148
- Fisk University, 9, 38
- Floyd, George, 226
- Fogle, James, 59
- Fong, Janette, 208
- Ford, Gerald, 145, 199, 214
- Ford, Napoleon “Nap,” 55
- Fordham, John Hammond, 53
- Foreign Affairs Scholar Program, 10, 130, 131
- Foster, Robert, 15, 191, 194
- Fowler, Donald “Don,” 15, 122, 194
- Frankfurter, Felix, 140
- Franklin, Barbara, 214
- Franklin, John Hope, 86, 107
- Frazier, Kenneth, 147, 218
- freedmen education, 18, 37, 38, 45
- Freedmen’s Aid Society (Methodist Church), 39
- Freedmen’s Bureau, 35–36, 37
- Friedman, Thomas, 81
- Fuller, Joseph, 103, 257n3
- Fuson, Nelson, 107
- Gaddis, Gene, 233, 235, 261–62n5
- Gergen, David, 218
- Giambastiani, Edmund, 188
- Gill, Eric, 177, 178, 179, 180
- Gillette, William Hooker, 232
- Gisentane, Peggy (mother of Charles Thomas Riley), 21
- Glover, Reynaldo, 140
- Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960), 27, 28
- Gomillion, Charles, 28
- Gordon, Asa H. “Seth,” 94
- Gordon, Frank, 94
- Gordon, Robert, 94
- Gordon-Reed, Annette, 221
- Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, 54, 255n9
- Grant, Ellsworth, 229
- Grant, Marion Hepburn, 230
- Graves, Earl G., Sr., 215
- Gray, Harry, 214
- Gray, Walter H., 229, 232
- Green, Charles M., 45, 252n30
- Green, Dr. (general practitioner), 51
- Green, Elijah, 19, 251n15
- Green, Francis, 27, 58
- Green, Jacob, 25
- Green, Janie Fanady (paternal great-grandmother), 27, 252n28
- Green, Knight, 25
- Green, Mary Virginia Morrisey, 28, 252n27
- Green, Sandy (father of Thomas Green), 25
- Green, Thomas “Tom” (paternal great-grandfather), 1, 15, 25–28, 38, 45, 252n24
- Green, Victor Hugo, 49
- Greener, Richard T., xvi, 6, 39, 86–87, 241, 253n15
- Greenfield, Phyllis, 128
- Griffin, Noah, 108
- Griswold, Erwin, 142
- Gullah culture, 96
- Hafkin, Elizabeth “Liz,” 129
- Hale & Door (law firm), 184, 240
- Hammarskjöld, Dag, xv, 143
- Hammond, Samuel, Jr., 161
- Hampton Institute, 38, 230
- Hand, Learned, 138, 139, 140
- Harlem Renaissance, 67, 68, 106
- Harrington, Alma, 141
- Harrington, Violet, 141
- Hart, Henry, 202
- Harvard Black Law School Association, 147
- Hathaway, Harriet Cummins, 202
- Hathaway, Thomas H. M., 202
- Havel, Václav, 134
- Haynsworth, Harry, 197
- healthcare disparities, 217, 238
- Hemings, Sally, 221
- Henry, Joseph, 188
- Henson, Josiah, 235, 261–62n5
- Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr., 188
- Hills, Roderick “Rod,” 13, 144, 145, 183, 199
- Hinton, James M., 64–65, 66
- Hoage, Ramona, 108
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr., 139–40, 141–42
- Hook, Lawrence “Bubba,” 22
- Hooker, Richard, 140, 258n6
- Hooker, Thomas, 230
- Hopewell Methodist Episcopal Church (later Hopewell United Methodist Church) (Tatum, SC), 25–26, 26, 29
- Howard University, 38, 131, 191
- Howard, Bertie Ruth, 54
- Howard, Robert E. “Wag,” 54
- Hubbard, Freddie, 117
- Hughes, Langston, 106
- Hughes, Richard, 188
- Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 145
- Humphrey, Hubert, 132, 198
- Hunt, John, 167
- Hurricane Hazel (1954), 2, 3
- hyperpartisan politics, xv
- Jack and Jill clubs, 54, 255n10
- Jackson, Jesse, 116
- Jackson, Mahalia, 103
- Jackson, Nora Bell Bowers (aunt), 74, 252–53n33
- James, Mable Green, 28, 38, 45, 252n28,29
- Jamison Zion School, 34, 35, 45
- Jefferson, Thomas, 221, 236
- Jennings, Robert H., 49
- John F. Slater Fund, 36, 39
- Johnson C. Smith University, xiii, 38
- Johnson, Gene, 102
- Johnson, Lyndon B., 110, 111, 132, 137, 157, 168, 188
- Joseph, Richie, 128, 129
- judicial activism, 139
- Julius Rosenwald Fund, 34, 35, 36
- Kagan, Elena, 86, 149, 256n12
- Karas, Joža, 134, 235, 261n4
- Karesh, Coleman, 191, 194
- Keeton, Robert, 192
- Kennedy, John F., xv, 82, 104, 105, 109–11, 122, 158, 188
- Kennedy, Robert F., xv, 82, 111–12, 122, 131, 132, 157–58
- Kennedy, Teddy, 122
- Kerford, Leo, 186
- Khamenei, Ali, 136
- King, Alfred, 25, 251n22
- King, Alonzo Webster, Jr., 24, 25, 251n22
- King, Josephine Riley, 24
- King, Lillian “Nannie,” 24, 25
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.: 5, 109, 116; assassination of, xv, 111–12, 157; “I Have a Dream” speech, 81, 103–4; moral authority, 82, 103, 110; see also March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)
- Kingsfield, Charles W., 143
- Kollock, Anna Green, 27, 28
- Kollock, Nicholas, 27, 28
- Ku Klux Klan, 121, 129
- Lambert, David, 202
- Lambert, David S. R., 203
- Lambert, Eva Ogden, 203
- Langdell, Christopher Columbus, 143
- Lawrence, D. H., 156
- Lawton, Ann, 97, 98
- Lawton, John, 97, 98
- Lazear, Robert “Bob,” 230
- Ledeen, Libby, 119
- Ledeen, Theodore “Ted,” 119
- Leighton, George N., 195
- Lewis, John, 14, 103, 109, 112
- Lewis, Loida, 149
- Lewis, Reginald, 140, 147, 149
- LGBTQ+ rights, xv, 224
- Lightsey, Harry, 191, 196
- Lincoln, Abraham, xvi
- Locke, John, 19, 107–8
- Lord’s Cricket Ground, 168–69
- Lyman, Theodore, 232, 233
- Lynch, Loretta, 218
- lynching, 16, 27, 65, 80, 162
- Lynn, James, 214
- MacCrate, Robert, 182
- Macgill, Hugh, 217
- Mandela, Nelson, 72, 147
- Mann, Bruce H., 219, 221
- March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963), 5, 100, 102, 109
- Marshall, John, 139
- Marshall, Thurgood, 52, 67, 148
- McCarthy, Joseph, 184
- McCarthy, Mickey, 104, 108
- McCaughey, Patrick, 230, 233
- McClinton, Ernest, 60
- McCollom, Mamie, 4
- McCollom, Matthew, 4, 52, 53, 99
- McConnell, Mitch, 83, 84
- McDew, Frieda, 97
- McDew, Stephanie, 97
- McDew, Stephen, Jr., 96, 97–98
- McEnroe, Colin, 230, 233
- McGovern, George, 162
- McGrory, Kathleen, 233, 235, 261–62n5
- McKissick, Moses, 108
- McNair, Robert, 198
- McNamara, Robert, 132, 158, 188
- Means, David, 191, 194
- Metcalf, Steve, 235, 261–62n5
- Middle Passage, 20
- Middlebrook, Stephen, 214
- Middleton, Delano, 161, 162
- Middleton, Earl, 54, 159, 160
- Mill, John Stuart, 145
- Miller, Franklin “Bo,” 116
- Miller, Thomas Ezekiel, 40
- Minor’s Moralist Society, 20
- Minow, Martha, 220, 221
- miscegenation, 19, 20, 47, 250–51n11
- Miss El Dorado Johnson dressmaking class, 67, 67
- Monahan, Robert, 195
- Monday Evening Club, 229
- Monteith, Henrie, 9, 10, 114, 197
- Moore, Dave, 58, 59
- Moorer, Henry, 25, 251n21
- Morgan, Charles, Jr., 125
- Morgan, J. P., 181
- Morgan, Shadrack “Squire,” 56, 181
- Morrill Land Grant Act (1890), 46
- Motley, Constance Baker, 148, 249n4
- Mt. Zion Methodist Episcopal Church (later Mt. Zion United Methodist Church) (Jamison, SC), 7, 15, 21, 32–33, 33, 35, 57, 69, 99
- Mulqueen, Herbert, 188, 189
- Mulqueen, Herbert, Sr., 188, 189
- Mulqueen, Moya, 188
- Munger, Charlie, 183
- Munger, Tolles, Hills & Rickershauser (law firm), 183
- Myers, Webster, 191, 194
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): xv, 4, 64, 105, 148, 249n4; leadership, 52, 56, 108; Orangeburg branch, 4, 56; see also Bythewood, Thaddeus K.; Carter, Robert; Caldwell, Harlowe; Du Bois, W. E. B.; Hinton, James M.; Marshall, Thurgood; Morgan, Shadrack “Squire”; Motley, Constance Baker; Newman, I. DeQuincey; Perry, Matthew J.; Wilkins, Roy
- National Organization for Women (NOW), 110
- nationalism, 135, 158
- Negro Motorist Green Book, 49, 120
- Nelson, Herbert, 53
- Newman, I. DeQuincey, 54, 100, 126–27
- Nix, N. C., 44
- Nixon, Richard, 111, 162, 184, 189
- Nolan, Dennis, 191
- normal schools & colleges, 38, 39, 46
- Normen, Elizabeth, 234
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 132, 133, 134–35
- Oakes, James L., 185
- Obama, Barack, 79, 80–82, 85, 102, 110, 122, 148–49, 162
- Ogletree, Charles, 216
- oral history, 20, 22–23, 47, 251n22, 260n2
- Orangeburg County Jail (“Pink Palace”), 102, 257n3
- Orangeburg Freedom Movement, 52, 54, 70, 99, 115
- Orangeburg Massacre, 80, 161–62, 198
- Orloff, Tatiana, 171–73
- Orloff-Davidoff, Elizabeth, 174
- Orr, Mary Julia, 62
- Osborne, John Jay, 143
- passing, 24
- Patrick, Deval, 218
- Peabody Education Fund, 36, 39
- Peabody, George F., 36
- Pearson, Levi, 74
- Perry, Mathew J., 10, 126, 186, 249n3
- Peters, Ellen, 232, 233
- philanthropy: 35–36, 37, 38, 50, 147, 220, 238; see also American Missionary Association; John F. Slater Fund; Julius Rosenwald Fund; Peabody Education Fund; Peabody, George F.; Rosenwald, Julius; Slater, John Fox
- Piggy Park (barbecue restaurant), 101, 257n5
- Pigotts, 164–66
- Pine, James W., 204
- Pitt, Harvey, 212, 213
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 74
- police violence, 160, 227
- Powell, Fred, 108, 109
- Putin, Vladimir, 135
- Raby, Mary, 216
- racism: 12, 61, 79, 95, 124, 148, 258n7; in churches, 12, 47; economic inequality & abuse, 17–18, 31, 55, 98, 121; in education, 12, 73–77, 79; in public accommodations, 12, 47, 79; and teacher salaries, 64, 65
- racist violence: 80, 82, 119, 160, 226–27; see also lynching
- Rackley, Gloria, 54
- Randall, Charles, 191, 194
- Randolph, A. Philip, 103
- rape (of Black enslaved women), 20, 250–51n11
- Reagan, Ronald, 162
- Reed, Stanley, 214
- Reiser, Martha Ransford, 196
- Reiser, Walter, 196
- Renbrook School, 205, 206, 218, 230
- Reynolds, Philip, 232, 233, 235
- Riley, Charles Thomas (maternal great-grandfather), 15, 21, 32, 251n15
- Riley, John (father of Charles Thomas Riley), 21
- Riley, Melrena Boyd (maternal great-grandmother), 21
- Rivers, Sealy, 20
- Rivers, William, 20, 21
- Roberts, John, 78
- Robinson, Eugene, 53
- Robinson, Louisa, 53
- Robinson, Murry, 20, 21, 251n12
- Robinson, Randall, 147
- Rockefeller, Nelson, 182
- Roderick, David, 214, 215
- Rogers, George, 192
- Romney, Mitt, 83
- Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 88, 103, 202
- Rosenwald, Julius, 35
- Royall Must Fall campaign (Harvard), 220
- Royall, Isaac, Jr., 220
- rule of law, 82, 84, 140, 241–42
- Rusk, Dean, 132, 182
- Sanders, Daniel J., 40
- Sands, Winthrop, 154, 155
- Saturday Morning Club, 229
- Savage, Alberta “Aunt Bert” (aunt), 89, 90, 93
- Savage, Charles “Uncle Syn” (uncle) 93
- Savage, Charles “Charlie” (cousin), 89, 92, 94
- Savannah State College (now Savannah State University), 45, 89, 92, 93, 94
- school desegregation: in South Carolina, 4, 10, 80, 89, 99, 249n3; Supreme Court retreat from, 78, 79; white resistance to, 3, 4, 77–78; see also Briggs v. Elliott (1952); Brown v. Board of Education (1954); University of South Carolina: desegregation of
- Schumer, Chuck, 84
- Securities Exchange Act (1934): 211; see also Bowers, James Edward: Securities & Exchange Commission
- segregation: 12, 19, 47, 50, 124; effects on Black children, 2, 76, 131; of public accommodations, 49, 80, 103, 116, 198; of schools, 12, 74–75, 77–79, 89, 139
- Seligman, Eustace, 182
- Selim III (Sultan of Turkey), 222
- separate but equal doctrine, 74, 75, 76, 186
- Sharperson, Carl, 57
- Shaw, Edward, 216
- Shipp, Jane, 218
- Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 74, 197
- Simmons, Charlie “Fuskey,” 96
- Simmons, Charlie, Jr., 97
- Simmons, William, 96
- Skoler, Dan, 188
- Slade, Renner, 186
- Slater, Ernest Frederick, 36, 37, 48
- Slater, Horatio Nelson, III, 36
- Slater, John David, 36
- Slater, John Fox, 36
- slave codes, 19
- slave mistresses, 19
- slavery: 50, 227, 250n1, 251n13,16; dehumanization, 15, 17, 261–62n5; enslaved education & literacy, 5, 18–19, 22, 31; fugitives, 203, 261–62n5; legal support of, 18, 81; life insurance policies, 216, 217; as national sin, 18, 31; see also Bowers, James Edward: enslaved ancestors; Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857); Thirteenth Amendment; Turner, Nat; Underground Railroad; Vesey, Denmark
- Smith, Henry, 161
- Smith, Sadie, 53
- Socratic method, 142, 143–44, 193
- Solomon, Jr., James L., 9, 114
- Souter, David, 77
- South Carolina Democratic white primary, 76
- South Carolina Methodist Episcopal Conference, 28, 252n32
- South Carolina State University: xiii, 12, 37, 50, 52, 80, 185–86, 253n9; see also Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural and Mechanical College; Orangeburg Massacre
- Sporkin, Stanley, 211, 212
- St. Clair, James “Jim,” 184
- St. Martin’s Episcopal Church, 67, 255n3
- Stanley, Louis, 168
- States’ Rights Democratic Party, 47
- Sterling, George, 49
- Stillman, Jacob, 213
- Story, Joseph, 138
- Stowe, Calvin, 229
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 103, 109, 120, 125
- Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023), 146
- Sub-Teen Club, 54
- Sullivan & Cromwell (law firm), 181, 182, 183, 239
- Sulton, James, 53
- Sulton, Roy, 54
- Summers, Sam, 61, 72
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), 78
- Swanson, David Lisle, 201
- Swanson, Elizabeth Lisle “Betty-Lisle” Hathaway, 201, 202
- Swanson, Harold Elvin, 201
- Swanson, Hugh Verner, 201
- Swanson, Verla Mae, 201
- Swanson-Bowers, Rebecca “Becky” L., see Bowers, Rebecca “Becky” Swanson (wife)
- Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957), 152
- Sweezy, Nancy, 151
- Sweezy, Paul, 151
- Taney, Roger Brooke, 18
- Taylor, Graham, 229
- Taylor, John Benjamin, 52
- Thirteenth Amendment, 31
- Thomas, Annie (mother of Melrena Boyd), 21
- Thomas, Charles, 54
- Thomas, Liddie, 21
- Thomas, Simon, 21
- Thurmond, J. Strom, 47
- Todd, Charles, 235
- Tonkin, Humphrey, 233, 234
- Townsend, Zach E., 186, 249n3
- traditional liberalism, 146
- Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (later Trinity United Methodist Church), 4, 52, 99
- Trumbull, J. Hammond, 229
- Trump v. United States (2024), 85
- Trump, Donald, 82–85, 136, 228
- Turner, Nat, 19
- Tutu, Desmond, 71, 71–72
- Twain, Mark, 229, 230
- Tylor, Samuel, 209
- Underground Railroad, 203, 260n2
- United States v. Schooner Amistad (1841), 138
- University of Alabama (desegregation of), 14
- University of Georgia (desegregation of), 14
- University of Mississippi (desegregation of), 14
- University of South Carolina: Black Law Student Association, 195
- University of South Carolina: desegregation of, 9–10, 14; Law School, 37
- US Capitol insurrectionist attack (January 6, 2021), 83
- Vanderbilt, Anne Harriman, 155
- Verney, Rachel, 223
- Verney, Ralph, 223
- Verney, Sandra, 224, 225
- Verney, Stephen, 223, 224–26
- Vesey, Denmark, 19
- Vietnam War. xv, 10, 71, 111, 117–18, 120–21, 131–32, 137, 157–63, 168, 182, 188
- Viswanathan, Meera, 234
- voter registration, 69, 122, 128, 141
- Voting Rights Act (1965), 31, 85, 86, 110, 162, 256n12
- Wannamaker, Asbury Noah, 21–22, 47–48, 251n16
- Wannamaker, Lavinia Mahaly Hook, 22
- Waring, J. Waties, 74–76, 185, 253n9
- Waring, Thomas R., 76
- Waring, Thomas R., III, 76
- Warren, Earl, 139
- Washington, Booker T., 14, 35, 250n6
- Webster, Alonzo, 38, 39
- Weiker, Lowel, 244
- Welch, Joseph, 184
- Wesley, John, 52
- Wetherbee, Donald, 130
- Wheeler-Robinson, Alice Dodds, 176
- Wheeler-Robinson, Bernard, 171, 174–76, 178
- Wheeler-Robinson, Elizabeth, 180
- Wheeler-Robinson, Nicholas “Nick,” 105, 152, 152, 167, 223
- White Citizens’ Council, 49
- white fear, 5, 19, 21
- White Hall (SC State University), 42, 43, 254n24
- white supremacy, 227
- Whittaker, Miller, 41, 42, 254n21
- Wiesner, Jerome, 121
- Wilkins, Roy, 52
- Wilkinson High School, 54, 55, 60, 70, 127, 198
- Wilkinson, Robert Shaw, 40, 44
- Williams, Cecil, 51, 161
- Williams, Ike, 102, 257m3
- Wilson, August, 17
- Wilson, Woodrow, 100
- Wolfe, Thomas, 137, 191
- women’s rights, xv, 262–63n7
- Wright, Richard R., Sr., 46
- Zimmerman, Geraldyne, 54