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Always Looking Forward: A Life in Law, Learning, and Liberation: Notes

Always Looking Forward: A Life in Law, Learning, and Liberation
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table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. List of Illustrations
  7. Preface
  8. Introduction: Frame of My Destiny
  9. Chapter 1. Impatient for Change
    1. Confronting the Realities of Race
  10. Chapter 2. From Whence We Came
    1. Early Education of Slaves
    2. Education of My Ancestors During Slavery
    3. Maternal Ancestors
      1. Riley–Brown Lineage
      2. King–Riley Lineage
    4. Paternal Ancestors: Green–Bowers Lineage
  11. Chapter 3. Education Is the Key
    1. Early Support for Black Education
    2. Progression of Black Educational Development
    3. Proliferation of Black Educational Institutions in Orangeburg
  12. Chapter 4. Growing Up in Orangeburg
    1. Railroad Corner
    2. Social, Academic, and Home Life
  13. Chapter 5. Core Family
  14. Chapter 6. False Hope
    1. Impact of Barack Obama’s Election
  15. Chapter 7. Life in the 1950s
    1. Growing Up in Thunderbolt, Georgia
    2. Black Social Life in Savannah
  16. Chapter 8. Promise of the 1960s
    1. Enrollment at Fisk University
    2. Symptoms of the Sixties
  17. Chapter 9. Forever to Thee
    1. Interracial Dating
    2. Revelation
  18. Chapter 10. Foggy Bottom
  19. Chapter 11. Langdell Hall
    1. Challenges at Harvard Law School
    2. Relationship with Harvard Law Professors
    3. Racial Climate at Harvard Law
    4. Social Life at Harvard Law
  20. Chapter 12. Omnipresence of Vietnam
  21. Chapter 13. Pigotts
    1. Description of Pigotts
    2. First Travel to England
    3. Cricket Explained
    4. Tatiana Orloff
    5. Bernard Wheeler-Robinson
    6. Eric Gill’s Life at Pigotts
    7. Pigotts’s Lasting Effect
  22. Chapter 14. Early Years of Law Practice
    1. First Legal Job at Hale & Dorr
    2. Legal Wilderness
  23. Chapter 15. USC School of Law, Returning Home
  24. Chapter 16. Settling Years
    1. Becky’s Family Background
    2. Early Marriage Years
  25. Chapter 17. Climbing the Corporate Ladder
    1. Settling in at Aetna Life & Casualty
    2. Returning to Law Firm Practice at Day Pitney
  26. Chapter 18. Who Owns the Past?
    1. The Elgin Marbles
    2. Black Lives Matter
  27. Chapter 19. Twilight Club
  28. Epilogue: Always Looking Forward
  29. Acknowledgments
  30. Notes
  31. Index

Notes

Introduction: Frame of My Destiny

  1. 1. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954).
  2. 2. “List of Retired Atlantic Hurricane Names,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Match 5, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names.
  3. 3. Briggs v. Elliott, 342 US 350 (1952).
  4. 4. In Elloree, Orangeburg County, Black public school teachers were required to complete and submit an application regarding their sympathy toward the NAACP to have their contracts renewed. If they disclosed an affiliation with the NAACP or refused to complete the application, they were dismissed from their jobs. See Candace Cunningham, “‘Hell is Popping Here in South Carolina,’ Orangeburg County Black Teachers and Their Community in the Immediate Post-Brown Era,” History of Education Quarterly 61, no. 1 (February 2021), 35–62.
  5. 5. W. Lewis Burke, All for Civil Rights: African American Lawyers in South Carolina, 1868–1968 (University of Georgia Press, 2019), 54.

Chapter 1: Impatient for Change

  1. 1. The internationally renowned sculptor Basil Watson created a twelve-foot bronze statue of the three students, which was unveiled on the historic campus Horseshoe on April 19, 2024.
  2. 2. For the 1964–65 academic year, 14 undergraduate students, 2 graduate students, and 1 law student were enrolled at the USC Columbia campus.
  3. 3. Matthew Perry was the first African American to sit on the US District Court for South Carolina. In 1964, Earl Coblyn and his law partner, Zack Townsend, represented the plaintiffs in the Adams v. School District No. 5 case that desegregated the Orangeburg public schools.
  4. 4. To assist him in enrolling at USC, Robert Anderson received legal counsel from Donald J. Sampson, a Black lawyer from Greenville, South Carolina, and Constance Baker Motley, an NAACP lawyer from New York City.
  5. 5. Eugene Robinson, Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America (Anchor Books, 2010), 39.
  6. 6. The sentence, “Cast down your bucket where you are,” was taken from Booker T. Washington’s famous Atlanta Exposition speech in 1895. See Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery (Doubleday & Co., 1963), 158–59. While I disagree with many elements of Washington’s underlying approach for improving the plight of Black people after the Civil War, he deserves credit for laying the foundation for the economic betterment of the race.

Chapter 2: From Whence We Came

  1. 1. Of the 26 percent of white families owning slaves in 1860, only 2.7 percent owned 50 or more slaves, but these families owned 93 percent of Southern wealth and 25 percent of the slaves. To illustrate the prosperity that slavery bestowed, only 22 percent of American white people were Southerners in 1860, yet 66 percent of all men worth $100,000 or more lived in the South. One-half of the enslaved Black people worked on farms and plantations with 10 to 49 slaves. Nell Irvin Painter, Creating Black Americans: African-American History and Its Meanings, 1619 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2007), 93.
  2. 2. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice (Vintage Books, 1977), 27.
  3. 3. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 US 393 (1857).
  4. 4. John Locke, Treatise of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration, edited by Charles L. Sherman (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1937).
  5. 5. Belinda Hurmence, Before Freedom, When I Just Can Remember: Twenty-seven Oral Histories of Former South Carolina Slaves (John F. Blair, 1989), 65.
  6. 6. John Hope Franklin and Alfred Moss, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 137.
  7. 7. Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (Pantheon Books, 1974), 75–76.
  8. 8. Berlin, Slaves Without Masters, 73–76.
  9. 9. I took a DNA test, which showed the present-day countries and ethnic groups with whom I share maternal and paternal ancestry. My mitochondrial DNA sequence, passed down through my mother, is presently found in the Bamileke people in Cameroon today. American Ancestry Report dated April 13, 2006. My Y chromosome marker, unique to males, matches with the Ibo people in Nigeria and the Ewondo people in Cameroon. American Ancestry Report dated March 22, 2006. Nigeria and Cameroon are contiguous countries and the Ibo and Ewondo peoples likely lived in contiguous regions.
  10. 10. Steven J. Micheletti et al., “Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas,” American Journal of Human Genetics 107, no.2 (August 2020), 265–77.
  11. 11. During slavery, extensive miscegenation was practiced. Black women were subjected to the whims and desires of their white masters. Despite laws against the intermingling of the races, the practice continued. In cities like Charleston and New Orleans, there was widespread intermixture. By 1860, the offspring of racial intermixture produced 411,000 mulatto slaves out of a total slave population of 3.9 million. Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom, 139–40.
  12. 12. Tom Blake, Transcriber, Orangeburg County, South Carolina: Largest Slaveholders From 1860 Slave Census Schedules and Surname Matches for African Americans on 1870 Census (February 2002), https://sites.rootsweb.com/. There is documentation that Murry Robinson owned 94 slaves in Orangeburg County.
  13. 13. The year 1870 was the first year that formerly enslaved African Americans were listed by name in the Federal Census.
  14. 14. Blake, Transcriber, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. T. T. Inabinet owned seventy-three slaves in Orangeburg County.
  15. 15. Lillian Riley was the sixth in a family of 12 children. The first names (and birth dates) of the siblings are Texas (October 10, 1871), John (January 28, 1872), James (October 29, 1874), Ella (May 18, 1876), Elizabeth (February 11, 1878), Lillian (September 9, 1879), David (August 22, 1881), Josephine (October 18, 1883), Julius (July 30, 1885), twins Celia and Virgil (June 26, 1887), and Carrie (July 15, 1889). Charles Riley had a second wife, Mamie Felder, and had 6 additional children from that union: Clifford (December 29, 1895), Marian (November 25, 1897), Eugene (October 21, 1899), Hessie (January 19, 1902), Elijah (January 21, 1904), and Alphonso (May 31, 1906).
  16. 16. Asbury Noah Wannamaker recorded 26 slaves in the United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1860. According to the Slave Schedule of unknown named slaves, Sarah Major, whose birth date was estimated as 1852 (1880 Federal Census) and 1835 (1910 Federal Census), was likely one of the 7 female slaves listed with ages between 9 and 34.
  17. 17. See postcard, dated September 29, 1892, from A. J. Clarke to “My Dear Sister” Mrs. Sarah Brown, care of Mr. E. W. Brown (on file with the Author).
  18. 18. Golden Music, Lakewood, CO, goldenmusic.co/products/4359.
  19. 19. “Lawrence Hook-Orangeburg,” Obituary, Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, SC), 1924.
  20. 20. See January 18, 1905, offer to contract with Ed Brown to build a house (on file with the Author).
  21. 21. Blake, Transcriber, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. Henry Moorer owned 50 slaves in Orangeburg County.
  22. 22. Before he died, Alonzo Webster King Jr. (1913–2005), the grandson of Alfred King, committed to writing this oral history based on conversations with his grandfather.
  23. 23. See copy of Jacob Green’s Inventory of Appraisement, filed in Marlboro County Probate Court, South Carolina on July 11, 1859.
  24. 24. At the time of his death, Thomas Green owned 142 acres as specified in his testamentary disposition, filed in Marlboro County, South Carolina on May 11, 1918.
  25. 25. Kalyn Oyer, “New Documentary on Wealthy SC Black Cotton Farm Owner Who Was Lynched for Success,” Post and Courier, November 17, 2020, https://www.postandcourier.com/.
  26. 26. The 1940 death certificate of Thomas Green’s first child, Tommie Jane Green Morrisey, lists Ethel Ryes as mother.
  27. 27. The seven children were Tommie Jane Green (1861–1940), Adgenora Green (1863–1934), Carey Green (1865-death year unknown), Susan Green (1866-death year unknown), Mary Green (1875-death year unknown), Albert Green (1877-death year unknown), and Edmond Green (1878-death year unknown).
  28. 28. The 1957 death certificate of Ella Green Bowers lists her mother as Janie Fanady. However, the death certificate of her sister, Mable Green James, lists her mother as Frances Fairley.
  29. 29. The four children were Ella Florence Green (1882–1957), Mable Green (1878–August 23, 1951), A. B. Green (birth and death years unknown), and Julia Green (birth and death years unknown).
  30. 30. The ten children were Mary Bell Green (May 1876–death year unknown), Ada Green (April 1880-death year unknown), Lawrence Duncan Green (November 25, 1882–July 15, 1959), Charles M. Green (April 7, 1890–January 9, 1986), Anna May Green (August 1891–death year unknown), Thomas D. Green (February 1893–death year unknown), James A. Green (October 21, 1896–October 21, 1922), William B. Green (February 18, 1897–death year unknown), Laura Jane Green (July 1899–death year unknown), and Theodore Roosevelt Green (birth and death years unknown).
  31. 31. Gomillion v Lightfoot, 364 US 339 (1960).
  32. 32. According to the South Carolina Methodist Conference archives housed at Wofford College in Spartanburg, Reverend Walter Backman Bowers was admitted to the Methodist Episcopal Conference at Newberry, South Carolina in 1899 and later pastored at 8 Methodist Episcopal churches located at Spartanburg (1900–1912), Greeleyville (1913–14), Mars Bluff (1914–18), Springfield/Neeses (1919), Ruffin (1920), Yamassee (1921), Sumter (1922), and Camden (1923–25). While pursuing his religious studies, Reverend Bowers was a deacon at a Methodist Episcopal church at Yorkville, South Carolina in 1898.
  33. 33. My father’s birth certificate bears the name B. Walter Bowers Jr. The other three children were Nora Bell Bowers (February 16, 1920–October 21, 2007), Andrew Jerome Bowers (December 17, 1920–July 31, 1991), and Tommie Jane Bowers (March 10, 1924–February 6, 2013). According to the 1920 Federal Census, Reverend Bowers had another son, Walter H. Bowers, born in 1905 in Florence, South Carolina. The name of the mother is not listed and the whereabouts of that son cannot be traced. Reverend Bowers had yet another son, Lacy W. Manigault, (1914–January 18, 1991). The 1930 Federal Census list his mother, Muldra Manigault, as widow of Greeleyville. On Lacy Manigault’s death certificate in 1991, George Manigault is listed as Muldra Manigault’s husband but not as father of Lacy. At Walter T. Bowers’s (my father’s) funeral in 1997, I met Lacy Manigault’s daughter, Julia.
  34. 34. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241; Voting Rights Act of 1965, Pub. L. 89-110, 79 Stat. 437.

Chapter 3: Education Is the Key

  1. 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Rosenwald Schools Database, Orangeburg County, Jamison School, https://scdah.sc.gov/.
  2. 2. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, in Three Negro Classics (Avon Books, 1965), 273.
  3. 3. Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom, 231.
  4. 4. Pamphlet, Julius Rosenwald Fund, 4901 Ellis Avenue, Chicago, “Fellowships”—required to be submitted by February 25, 1937.
  5. 5. Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom, 265.
  6. 6. Representative Men of Connecticut, 1861–1894 (Massachusetts Publishing Co., 1894), 40–44.
  7. 7. See description of Ernest Frederick Slater Scholarship in Harvard University archives.
  8. 8. The cy pres doctrine enables a court to alter a charitable trust if its intent has become illegal, impracticable, or impossible to maintain in its original form.
  9. 9. In 1946, John H. Wrighten, an African American, applied for and was denied admission to the USC School of Law. He sued for admission in the US District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina (J. Waties Waring), and the court held that he be admitted unless the state provides equal facilities at another state law school. In response, the state opened a law school for Black law students at South Carolina State College.
  10. 10. Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom, 230.
  11. 11. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 276–79.
  12. 12. G. F. Richings, Evidence of Progress Among Colored People (Goe. S. Ferguson Co., 1899), 105–6; “Claflin College-125th Anniversary,” Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, SC; December 2, 1994), 2C.
  13. 13. The Normal Department was a program of study designed to train teachers for elementary or “common” schools. The purpose of the program was to establish standardized teaching methods (the “norm”).
  14. 14. Richings, Evidence of Progress Among Colored People, 105–6.
  15. 15. There is a towering nine-foot bronze statue of Richard T. Greener, near the entrance to the Thomas Cooper Library, that acknowledges his contributions as an educator, lawyer, and diplomat.
  16. 16. William C. Hine, South Carolina State University: A Black Land-Grant College in Jim Crow America (University of South Carolina Press, 2018), 8–11.
  17. 17. William C. Hine, South Carolina State University, 22–25.
  18. 18. Biddle Memorial Institute changed its name in 1876 to Biddle University by a legislative act of the State of North Carolina.
  19. 19. The North Carolina Collections (digital archive), Biddle University General Catalogue 1903–4 (at 41–42) and 1904–5 (at 41–42); records J. A. Brown as assistant superintendent of the School of Industries for two academic years, overseeing six trades—carpentering, printing, bricklaying, plastering, tailoring, and shoemaking.
  20. 20. The minutes of the college’s Board of Trustees recorded on October 18, 1906, that Professor Brown was elevated to the position of Superintendent of Brickwork at a salary of $500 per year.
  21. 21. Miller Whittaker was the son of Johnson Chestnut Whittaker, who taught on the faculty with my grandfather. Johnson Whittaker was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Commandant in 1900. Johnson Whittaker was one of the first Black cadets at the US Military Academy at West Point. While there in 1880, he was attacked by three masked men while in his room, just months before he was set to graduate. The Army decided to court-martial Whittaker, claiming he staged the incident to get out of taking an exam and to discredit the school. The Army won the case, and Whittaker was denied a commission. In 1995, President Bill Clinton awarded Whittaker his commission posthumously. John Potts, The History of South Carolina State College (South Carolina State College, 1978); K. Burgdorf, “When History Needs Help,” Times and Democrat (February 6, 1994), 1C.
  22. 22. John Potts, The History of South Carolina State College.
  23. 23. Hine, South Carolina State University, 58–60.
  24. 24. White Hall was demolished in 1974 and replaced by a modern fine arts building with auditorium, named the M. Maceo Nance Jr. Hall.
  25. 25. “In Memorium: State College does Honor to the Memory of the Late James A. Brown, Instructor in Masonry,” Times and Democrat (March 13, 1919), 8.
  26. 26. H. F. Kletzing and W. H. Crogman, The Remarkable Advancement of the Afro-American Negro (J. L. Nichols, 1900), 406–8.

Chapter 4: Growing Up in Orangeburg

  1. 1. I picked cotton on Aunt Sadie and Uncle El’s farm. I don’t know whether they were truly relatives, but they were close friends of my mother. They owned a small farm, and their principal crop was cotton.
  2. 2. Cecil Williams, Out-of-the-Box in Dixie, 3d ed. (Manufactured in South Korea, 2010), 96–102.
  3. 3. Victor H. Green, The Negro Motorist Green Book: Compendium 1938, 1947, 1954, 1963 (Victor H. Green & Co.; republished About Comics, 2019).
  4. 4. Lauritza Salley Hill, Images of America: African Americans of Orangeburg County (Arcadia, 2012), 7.
  5. 5. Hill, Images of America, 7. “According to the South Carolina Handbook of 1908, Orangeburg (which included Calhoun County prior to 1907) had a black population of 41,442 and a white population of 18,220.”
  6. 6. State Historic Preservation Office, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, African American Historic Places in South Carolina (September 2015), 69.
  7. 7. Eugene Robinson, “Nostalgia in the House of Fordham: Prominent Southern Black Leaves a Legacy of Memories,” Los Angeles (CA) Times, February 14, 1982, at Part VI/Sunday 6.
  8. 8. Through a subsequent marriage, her name became Gloria Rackley Blackwell.
  9. 9. The Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America was formed in 1843 as a mutual aid and fraternal organization by disenfranchised African Americans.
  10. 10. During the early days of Jack and Jill, the organization was justifiably accused by many Black families of being exclusionary and elitist. The clubs were formed to cater to professionally educated Black people, many of whom were fair-skinned and desired to separate themselves from the masses of Black folks and assimilate in the white culture. That image has changed today, with the primary focus being Black culture, pride, and self-esteem. See Lawrence Otis Graham, Our Kind of People: Inside America’s Black Upper Class (HarperCollins, 1999).
  11. 11. City of Orlando News, Commissioner Napoleon “Nap” Ford, https://www.orlando.gov/; Curtis McCloud, Influential Orlando Commissioner Helped Bridge Racial Divide, Spectrum News 13, February 22, 2021, https://mynews13.com/.
  12. 12. W. Lewis Burke, All for Civil Rights, 146.

Chapter 5: Core Family

  1. 1. New Georgia Encyclopedia, “Pilgrim Health and Life Insurance Company,” https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/.
  2. 2. South Carolina Encyclopedia, “James Miles Hinton,” https://www.scencyclopedia.org/; Claudia Smith Brinson, Stories of Struggle: The Clash over Civil Rights in South Carolina (University of South Carolina Press, 2020), 1–30.
  3. 3. St. Martin’s Episcopal Church, designed by William A. Potter and built from 1887 to 1889, is thought to be the finest example of Romanesque Revival architecture in New York City. The church has been an important hub of the African American community.

Chapter 6: False Hope

  1. 1. Kluger, Simple Justice, 406.
  2. 2. Burke, All for Civil Rights, 175–79.
  3. 3. Silver, South Carolina was the home of Althea Gibson, the first African American woman to win three Grand Slam tennis titles, including Wimbledon and the US Open (twice).
  4. 4. Plessy v Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
  5. 5. Briggs v. Elliott, 98 F. Supp. 529 (E.D.S.C. 1951).
  6. 6. Randall Kennedy, Say It Loud! On Race, Law, History, and Culture (Pantheon Books, 2021), 321–30.
  7. 7. Brown, at 494–95.
  8. 8. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971).
  9. 9. The chant “Fired up! Ready to go!” is attributed to Edith Childs, a Greenwood, South Carolina native who was active in the local branch of the NAACP in 2007; www.https//obama.org/.
  10. 10. The defection of seven Republicans was nevertheless historic. No prior presidential impeachment trial has persuaded as many senators to cross the aisle and vote with the opposition party to convict.
  11. 11. Trump v. United States, 603 U.S. 593 (2024).
  12. 12. Louisiana v. Callais, 608 U.S. __ (2026) (slip opinion Nos. 24-109 and 24-110). Technically, the US Supreme Court did not repeal Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. Under the guise of “updating” Section 2, the Court disingenuously substituted its judgement for that of Congress on the appropriate standard of proof for establishing discrimination under the Act. The Court held that a person suing under Section 2 must prove “discriminatory intent” (well-nigh impossible to prove), instead of the congressionally enacted requirement of proof of “discriminatory effect.” Through its ruling, the Court has upended forty years of congressional and judicial interpretation, which provided that a challenge to state action need only “result in” voter discrimination. Justice Kagan was correct in her dissent that the Court has effectively demolished the Act.
  13. 13. Louisiana, at 6 (slip opinion).
  14. 14. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 209.
  15. 15. John Hope Franklin,The Color Line: Legacy for the Twenty-First Century (University of Missouri Press, 1993), 5.
  16. 16. Jon Meacham, And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle (Random House, 2022), xxxiii.
  17. 17. Robert Greene II and Tyler D. Parry, eds., Invisible No More: The African American Experience at the University of South Carolina (University of South Carolina Press, 2021), 51–72.

Chapter 7: Life in the 1950s

  1. 1. Tom Brokaw, The Greatest Generation (Random House, 1999).
  2. 2. Speech delivered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 27, 1936, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  3. 3. Armstrong State University, Historic Thunderbolt, Georgia, Thunderbolt the Fishing Village: Commercial Shrimping in Thunderbolt, http://www.hist.armstrong.edu/heritage/ThunderboltFishingVillage.htm (online publication removed).
  4. 4. Armstrong State University, Historic Thunderbolt.
  5. 5. Armstrong State University, Historic Thunderbolt.
  6. 6. Armstrong State University, Historic Thunderbolt.
  7. 7. Hine, South Carolina State University, 64.
  8. 8. Leah Douglas, “African Americans Have Lost Untold Acres of Land Over the Last Century,” The Nation (June 26, 2017). Because legal title to a large portion of Black land was not clear due to the fragmented ownership by multiple generations of heirs, many Black people lost their land in partition sales brought by unscrupulous developers who convinced partial owners to sell their interests for a fraction of its value.

Chapter 8: Promise of the 1960s

  1. 1. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (Simon & Schuster, 2018), 285–86 (quoting from Douglass’s 1857 West India Emancipation speech).
  2. 2. Civil Rights Movement History 1963 (July–December): “Freedom Now: The Rolling of the Buses,” https://www.crmvet.org/.
  3. 3. The group included Walter Bowers, Ike Williams (from Charleston), Delbert Woods (from Charleston), McArthur Goodman, Claflin Kennedy, Joseph Fuller, Jimmy Irick, and another unknown student. They were held in the Orangeburg County Jail, aka Pink Palace, until trial the next day. The entire group was convicted of inciting to riot. All members of the group were offered release on bail, except for Jimmy Irick, who had a prior sit-in arrest and conviction in Charleston. So as not to leave Jimmy Irick alone, others in the group refused bail and the group was sent to two chain gang work camps at Bowman and Neeses in South Carolina.
  4. 4. Frank Myers, “Picket Registration,” Times and Democrat, October 13, 1963.
  5. 5. I wrote a contemporaneous description of the Piggy Park drive-in incident on April 5, 1963. (Papers of Reverend I. DeQuincey Newman, archives at Center for Civil Rights History and Research, Ernest F. Hollings Special Collections Library.)
  6. 6. Williams, Out-of-the-Box in Dixie, 218–41.
  7. 7. Her name now is Loretta Thomas Hammond.
  8. 8. Sound Recording: Interview of Isaac “Ike” Williams (1945–2008) by Marvin Lare, interviewer, department of oral history, University of South Carolina (February 23, 2005), Tipping Points, Vol. 3, Part 5 (on file with USC).
  9. 9. John Hope Franklin, Mirror to America: The Autobiography of John Hope Franklin (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 44–45, 59–60.
  10. 10. Fisk University General Honors Program, Fisk Honors Review (Fisk University, Vol. I, August 1964), 39.
  11. 11. President John F. Kennedy’s commencement address at American University, Washington, DC, on June 10, 1963.
  12. 12. Tom Brokaw, BOOM! Voices of the Sixties (Random House, 2007), 47–62.

Chapter 9: Forever to Thee

  1. 1. Jeffrey Collins, “Body of civil rights leader Jesse Jackson is to lie in state in South Carolina,” AP News, February 23, 2026.
  2. 2. Bond v. Floyd, 385 U.S. 116 (1966).
  3. 3. Ginny Carroll, “Bond Denounces Fighting in Vietnam,” The State, February 10, 1967; Douglas Mauldin, “Bond Calls Action in War ‘Illegal, Immoral, Unjust,” Greenville (SC) News, February 10, 1967.

Chapter 10: Foggy Bottom

  1. 1. Letter from Phyllis Greenfield Ross to James E. Bowers, Senior Counsel, Day Pitney LLP (August 11, 2015; on file with Author).
  2. 2. The Great Game is a term for the nineteenth century geopolitical rivalry and espionage between the British and Russian Empires for supremacy in central Asia.

Chapter 11: Langdell Hall

  1. 1. United States v. Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 518 (1841).
  2. 2. William Wordsworth, English Romantic poet, wrote this observation on the human condition in his narrative poem, “The White Dove of Rylstone” (1815).
  3. 3. Gerald Gunther, Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge (Harvard University Press, 1995), 670–71.
  4. 4. Gunther, Learned Hand, 659.
  5. 5. Gunther, Learned Hand, 136.
  6. 6. Richard Hooker was one of the most important Anglican theologians of the sixteenth century.
  7. 7. Agassiz Street was named after Harvard Professor Louis Agassiz, a leading proponent of influential scientific racist theories in the 1850s.
  8. 8. Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, 600 U.S. 181 (2023).
  9. 9. Anemona Hartocollis and Stephanie Saul, “At 2 Elite Colleges, Shifts in Racial Makeup After Affirmative Action Ban,” New York Times (August 30, 2024); Anemona Hartocollis, “Harvard’s Black Student Enrollment Dips After Affirmative Action Ends,” New York Times (September 11, 2024); Stephanie Saul and Anemona Hartocollis, “Black Student Enrollment at Harvard Law Drops by More Than Half,” New York Times (December 16, 2024).
  10. 10. Bell v. Maryland, 378 U.S. 226 (1964).
  11. 11. Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957).
  12. 12. G. M. Trevelyan, O.M., Trinity College: A History and Guide (University Printing House, 1972), 4.
  13. 13. Trevelyan, Trinity College, 6.

Chapter 12: Omnipresence of Vietnam

  1. 1. Cecil J. Williams, “Full Steam Ahead: SC Civil Rights Museum Nears Completion at Railroad Corner,” Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, SC), May 31, 2025, A10.

Chapter 13: Pigotts

  1. 1. Nicholas Wheeler Robinson, A Preliminary Chronicle of North Dean (1994 edition) at 5; September 29, 1998, correspondence of Nicholas Wheeler Robinson to Author.
  2. 2. Louis T. Stanley, The London Season (Houghton Mifflin, 1956), 135.
  3. 3. Robert Eastaway, Cricket Explained (St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 22–40.
  4. 4. Stanley, The London Season, 26.
  5. 5. Nicholas Wheeler-Robinson, BWR—An Adequate Life (2016 self-published), 64–66.
  6. 6. David Mather, “Bernard Wheeler Robinson,” The Independent, August 19, 1997.
  7. 7. Mather, “Bernard Wheeler Robinson.”
  8. 8. Margaret Montgomery, Fifty Years of Music Camp 1927–1977 (self-published, 1977), 26.
  9. 9. Fiona MacCarthy, Eric Gill: A Lover’s Quest for Art and God (E. P. Dutton, 1989), 22.
  10. 10. MacCarthy, Eric Gill, 22.
  11. 11. David Finn, How to Look at Sculpture (Harry N. Abrams, 1989), 12.
  12. 12. Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, “Perversity Raised to a Principle,” New York Times Book Review, May 7,1989.
  13. 13. Finn, How to Look at Sculpture, 81.
  14. 14. Theodore Roethke, “The Dream” (1953), in Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke (Doubleday, 1966).

Chapter 14: Early Years of Law Practice

  1. 1. Burke, All for Civil Rights, 173–75.
  2. 2. Lauritza Salley Hill, Images of America, 117.

Chapter 15: USC School of Law, Returning Home

  1. 1. The thought of having a contract with God was spawned by the movie The Paper Chase (Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 1973), based on the novel by John Jay Osborn Jr.
  2. 2. Correspondence between Special Assistant to the Provost Johnnie McFadden and Acting Dean Harry J. Haynsworth, October 14, 1976, and October 20, 1976.

Chapter 16: Settling Years

  1. 1. An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on Monday, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 am (Japan time).
  2. 2. Horatio T. Strother, The Underground Railroad in Connecticut (Wesleyan University Press, 1962), 121; Federal Writers’ Project, Connecticut (American Guides Series [Boston, 1938]), 449; Mrs. Stowell Rounds to H.T.S., April 13, 1960. In a June 7, 2024, email by Nick Foster, director, Wilton Historical Society, he disagreed with the narrative that the Lambert House was a station on the Underground Railroad and that the house had a secret stairway and tunnel because those assertions were based on oral history and recollections, and not documentary evidence.
  3. 3. “David Lambert House,” Wikipedia; Lambert Corner Local Historic District #1, Wilton Historical Society, www.wiltonhistorical.org.
  4. 4. Robert D. McFadden, “Millions Marooned,” New York Times (January 21, 1978), 1.
  5. 5. Jeff Murray, “From the West Hartford Archives: Highland Creamery at Mountain Road and Albany Avenue,” we-ha.com, Lifestyle (June 8, 2023).

Chapter 17: Climbing the Corporate Ladder

  1. 1. Bankers Trust Co. v. Mallis, 435 U.S. 381 (1978).
  2. 2. Farmer-Paellmann v. FleetBoston Financial Corporation, No. 02-CV-1862 (E.D.N.Y. filed Mar. 26, 2002).

Chapter 18: Who Owns the Past?

  1. 1. John Henry Merryman and Albert E. Elsen, Law, Ethics and the Visual Arts, 4th ed. (Kluwer Law International, 2002) 13–25.
  2. 2. Merryman and Elsen, Law, Ethics and the Visual Arts, 13–25.
  3. 3. “The Right Rev Stephen Verney,” Obituary, Guardian, November 23, 2009.
  4. 4. Bradley Harris, “Orangeburg City Council Votes to Remove Confederate Monument, John C. Calhoun Drive Name,” Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, SC), June 30, 2020).
  5. 5. The Southern Poverty Law Center, a legal advocacy group, compiles statistics on the number of Confederate symbols on public lands across the nation.

Chapter 19: Twilight Club

  1. 1. Walter H. Gray, The Twilight Club 1886–1973 (self-published, 1973).
  2. 2. Ellsworth Grant, The Twilight Club 1973–1998 (self-published, 1998).
  3. 3. Colin McEnroe, “Won’t You Join Us?” Hartford Courant Sunday Magazine, February 11, 1996.
  4. 4. McEnroe, “Won’t You Join Us?”
  5. 5. Kathleen McGrory, “In Our Midst: Joža Karas and the Music of Terezin” (paper presented 2013). McGrory wrote a paper about Joža Karas, a Czech American violinist who performed with the Hartford Symphony Orchestra. Born during the dark days of Nazi and Soviet domination in Europe, his father fought with the resistance against Soviet rule in Czechoslovakia and was eventually sent to the labor camp and executed for his actions. In 1955, Joža settled in the United States but eventually returned to Czechoslovakia in 1968, where he was exposed to the music of the Jewish labor camp at Terezin. That experience transformed and redirected his life toward researching and publishing the lost musical works of Terezin. Joža would eventually publish two significant volumes titled Music at Terezin with the approval and cooperation of the survivors imprisoned in the Nazi “model” concentration camp in Czechoslovakia, which actually was a transition camp for Jews on their way to execution in Auschwitz. McGrory assisted Joža in completing the second volume during Joža’s latter years of failing health.
  6. Gene Gaddis: “We Are All Related: Stories from the Life of Josiah Henson” (paper presented 2014). Gaddis chronicled the dehumanizing experience of slavery through the life of Josiah Henson. Born into slavery in Maryland, Henson’s family was later sold to a new owner, Isaac Riley. Henson later escaped with his family to Canada and founded a thriving settlement for fugitive slaves at Dawn, Canada. He became a noted abolitionist, minister, and author. Henson penned an autobiography in 1849 titled The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself. The autobiography is widely believed to have inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe’s characters in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Following the success of Stowe’s novel, Henson issued an expanded version of his memoir in 1858 titled Truth Stranger Than Fiction. Father Henson’s Story of His Own Life. Henson would ultimately gain international fame after receiving an invitation to visit Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in 1877. Isaac Riley was Gene Gaddis’s great-great grandfather.
  7. Steve Metcalf: “The Lenny Legacy: Leonard Bernstein at 100” (paper presented 2018). Steve Metcalf delivered a paper, accompanied by a performance on the piano, on the life and music of Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein got his first break while serving as assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1943, guest conductor Bruno Walter came down with the flu, and the orchestra turned to Bernstein on short notice to conduct some very challenging scores by Schumann, Wagner, and Strauss. He was a smashing success. In 1951, he was selected head of the orchestral and conducting departments at Tanglewood when Serge Koussevitzky died. He reached the pinnacle of success as a conductor in 1957 when he was named director of the New York Philharmonic replacing Dimitri Mitropoulos. Over his twelve-year run, his signature pieces included the nine Mahler symphonies, Sibelius symphonies, and works of Aaron Copland. Ever the versatile composer, he wrote in many styles from symphonic and orchestral music to ballet, film, theatre, choral works, opera, and chamber music. His most influential piece of music continues to be West Side Story. He died at the age seventy-two of lung disease, likely caused by his incessant smoking. Steve Metcalf was fortunate to be able to attend Bernstein’s final performance conducted at Tanglewood in August 1990.
  8. Put Brown: “The Sea or Me” (paper presented 2020). Put Brown described the mutiny on the 1787 voyage of the Royal Navy vessel, HMS Bounty, to Tahiti. A conflict arose between the ship’s captain, Lieutenant William Bligh, and his crew that resulted from harsh punishment meted out to the crew, especially to Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian. In 1789, Christian and others mutinied and set Bligh and eighteen loyalists adrift in the ship’s open launch. Bligh completed a voyage of over 4,000 miles in the launch to reach safety. After Bligh reached England in 1790, the Admiralty dispatched the HMS Pandora to apprehend the mutineers. Fourteen were captured in Tahiti and imprisoned on the Pandora, but Christian’s party hid out on Pitcairn Island and were never apprehended. Christian’s group remained undiscovered on Pitcairn Island until 1808, by which time only one mutineer, John Adams, remained alive. In 1807, Mayhew Folger set out from Nantucket on the ship Topaz to hunt for seals. In 1808, he discovered the Pitcairn Island and John Adams. While on the island, Adams gave Folger the Bounty’s azimuth compass and Larcum Kendall K2 chronometer, a precision marine chronometer. The K2 chronometer is now displayed in a museum in Greenwich, England. After Mayhew Folger’s many long whaling voyages, his wife grew tired of his prolonged absences and forced him to make a choice: the sea or me. Mayhew chose her, and to ensure compliance with his promise, he moved his family from Nantucket to Kendal, Ohio. Put Brown’s maternal grandmother was a Folger who was born in Akron, Ohio in 1890. He displayed at the meeting a nautical book that his mother gave to him. Based on the date in the book, he believes that Mayhew Folger took the book with him on the Topaz on his trip to Pitcairn Island.
  9. 6. Philip Reynolds, Twilight Years (self-published, November 2015).
  10. 7. Elizabeth Colt’s legacy is her advocacy for women’s rights. She proved that a woman can successfully manage the Colt manufacturing company. In 1869, she organized the first Suffragette convention in Connecticut. She provided for the successive care of 50 senior women in perpetuity through her bequest of Armsmear for that purpose. The Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Memorial Wing at the Wadsworth Atheneum was the first American museum to bear the name of a woman patron. She was referred to as “The First Lady of Connecticut.”

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