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Index
Page 255 →Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations
- Almlie, Elizabeth, 176, 177, 195
- American Forest Institute, 137
- American Sugar Refining Company, 73, 80, 89, 96n56
- Americanism, 210
- Andrews, W. H., 61
- Appalachian National Forest Reserve, 40
- ash trees, 82, 89, 110, 150, 189, 200–201n7
- Astwood, Phil, 191
- Atlantic Coast Lumber Corporation, 16, 133–34
- Atlantic Coast Railroad, 72, 81, 82
- Audubon, John James, 159
- Babcock, Havilah, 167
- Bachman, John, 159
- Bachman’s warbler, 154, 159
- Bachman Group (Sierra Club), 190, 191
- Bagnal, Luther N., 61
- bald cypress trees, 1, 2, 7, 8, 15, 130, 150, 151, 152
- barrel production: 6, 72, 80, 82, 83, 89, 92n17. See also Brooklyn Cooperage Company
- Barringer, Victor C., 80
- Batson, Wade, 188
- Beda, Steven C., 24
- Beidler Forest Audubon Sanctuary: 7, 129, 152, 155, 161, 162, 165, 170–71n2; biodiversity, 150, 159, 163, 165–66, 167, 169; bottomland hardwood forest habitat, 149–50, 157, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166; cypress-tupelo tree core, 144, 149–51, 152, 154–55, 160, 161, 164–65, 170; fundraising, 160, 164, 165, 167, 168; Mellard Lake, 158, 159, 163; land acquisition, 154–55, 158, 164–67, 168; local hostility to, 157, 158; National Audubon Society involvement, 149, 152, 154–55, 160–61, 164–65, 167, 168; Nature Conservancy involvement, 150, 154–55, 160, 164, 168; Norm Brunswig’s efforts, 7, 150, 155, 158–59, 161, 167–68, 169–70
- Beidler Forest Preservation Association, 183, 188
- Beidler Tract, 34n42, 139–40, 175, 177, 178, 187, 189, 198–99, 208n156
- Beidler, Elizabeth L., 88
- Beidler, Francis, II: 88, 151, 152, 154, 183, 188, 189–90, 194–95, 198
- Beidler, Francis: 247, 248; land ownership, 7, 15, 29, 72, 82, 86, 88, 91–92n14, 101n107, 151, 175, 178–79, 182, 197; lumber business, 4, 15, 18, 20, 72, 151, 247; timber rights leasing, 74, 80, 96n59, 101n105. See also Santee-Cooper Project; Santee River Cypress Lumber Company (SRCLC)
- Belser, Richard B., 53, 55, 75, 77
- Bicentennial narrative, 177, 197, 199
- Big Cypress National Preserve, 154, 155–56, 157, 161, 201n15
- Big Thicket National Preserve, 191, 201n15, 206n115
- Page 256 →biodiversity, 7, 150, 159, 163, 165–67, 169, 176, 182
- bird hunters/bird skin collectors, 152, 153, 159
- Black children, 11, 13, 23
- Black domestic labor, 5, 11, 21–23
- Black farmers, 11, 12, 19, 36n90, 61, 187, 212
- Black forestry/lumber workers, 5–6, 11–13, 17–22, 24–26, 30, 30–31n2, 32n11, 13, 35n63
- black gum trees, 82
- Black landowners, 17
- Black upward mobility, 26, 27, 28
- Black women, 11, 13, 21–24, 27, 35n67
- Black working class, 13, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28
- Blackwelder, Brion, 193, 196
- Blease, Coleman, 39, 41, 44, 50
- boll weevil, 6, 71, 72, 77, 110
- Booth, Edward S., 77
- bottomland hardwood forests, 4, 7, 29, 150, 157, 159, 166, 176
- Bourke, Edward, 178, 179, 194
- Bowden, Thomas O., 195
- Boykin, Mac, 110, 114
- Bradford, Joseph, 23
- Bradley, Guy, 153
- Briggs v. Elliott (1954), 212
- Brooklyn Cooperage Company (BCC): 89, 92n17, 96n56, 101–102n114; African American workers, 82, 84, 98n76; impact on Sumter, SC, 79–82, 83–84, 89, 97n64,65; SRCLC/Beidler land timber rights, 74, 88, 96n59, 101n105
- Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company, 143
- Brunswig, Beverly, 157
- Brunswig, Norman: 158, 169, 173n34; Beidler Forest/Four Holes Swamp work, 7, 150, 155–56, 160–62, 164, 166–67, 170; birding, 159, 160, 166; fishing/hunting club outreach, 159, 167–68; mitigation strategies, 167, 168; other sanctuary work, 155, 156
- Buck, Henry, 14
- Burton, Maurice C., 62
- Buxton, Julian, III, 8, 78, 89, 95n55
- Buxton, Julian, Sr., 246, 248
- Byrnes, James F., 100n96, 210, 228
- Campbell, William, 195
- canal systems, 18, 33n38, 84, 86, 97n68, 210, 216
- carbon credits, 169
- carbon sinks, 169
- Carlton, David L., 27
- Carolina parakeet, 159
- Carolina Power and Light Company, 81, 97–98n70
- Carson, Rachel, 170, 183
- casket/coffin production, 6, 72
- Cely, John, 190, 197, 208n156
- Champion International, 143
- champion trees, 188, 189, 191, 199, 200–201n7
- Chapman-Storm Lumber Corporation, 132, 133, 134, 142
- Cheraw State Park, 107
- Cherry, G. J., 62
- Chisholm, George, 27
- Christensen, Niels, 40
- Chromcraft Revington, 89
- City National Bank (Sumter, SC), 83
- City Union (Charleston), 48
- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): 104–105; Black camps, 105, 114–15; education efforts, 112, 113; race relations, 105, 106; South Carolina state parks, 5, 62, 107–108, 112–15; white camps, 105, 106, 112. See also Poinsett State Park: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
- Clark, Ross T., 196
- Clean Water Act (1972), 168
- Clemson University Extension Service, 142
- climate change, 169
- Clyburn, James C., 218
- Colas des Francs, Alexandra, 247
- Colas des Francs, Henry, 247
- Columbia Railway and Navigation Company, 216–17, 218, 223
- Colvin, Martin C., 136, 137, 139–41, 142
- Colvin, William J., 131–33, 141
- Page 257 →commercial/residential sprawl, 169
- commons environmentalism, 3
- company managers, 5, 142
- Congaree Action Now! Campaign, 189, 191, 192, 199
- Congaree National Park: 2, 33n38, 34n42, 129, 138, 140, 143, 144, 176–77, 200n3, 206n115; African Americans, 177, 187, 199–200; Beidler family opposition, 181, 182, 188, 190, 194; biodiversity, 176, 182–83, 184, 188; history of human activity, 177, 186, 195, 196–98, 199; Ivory-billed Woodpecker search, 176, 181, 182, 201n11, 202n33; National Audubon Society efforts, 190, 192, 194; Native Americans, 177, 191, 195; timber industry opposition, 188, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199; youth advocacy for, 190, 191, 192. See also Congaree Swamp National Preserve Association (CSNPA); Hampton, Harry R. E.; Manigault, Peter; Specific Area Report: Proposed Congaree Swamp National Monument (NPS, 1963)
- Congaree Swamp National Monument, 7, 198–99. See also Specific Area Report: Congaree Swamp National Monument (NPS, 1963)
- Congaree Swamp National Preserve Association (CSNPA), 177, 190, 191, 195, 197, 198, 201n15
- conservation easements, 167, 168, 170, 173n34
- conservation: 43–44, 176, 182, 209, 213; activism, 6, 7, 84–85, 103, 149, 153, 170, 181, 187; and forestry, 3, 40, 45, 46, 52, 63, 118, 194–95; and labor controls, 44; local involvement & reaction to, 7; and lumber business, 3–4, 52, 53, 61; opposition to, 44, 45, 50, 59, 65n26, 157, 189, 193, 216; Santee-Cooper Project, 84–85, 100–101n99, 215; state government efforts, 39, 41; women’s leadership, 41, 42, 43, 46–53, 56–58, 60–62. See also Brunswig, Norman; Edgerton, Daisy Priscilla Smith; Hampton, Harry R. E.; National Audubon Society; Nature Conservancy; recreational sportsmen; South Carolina Forestry Association (SCFA)
- consumerism, 209
- controlled burning, 43–44, 58–59, 61
- convict labor, 20
- Cooper, Robert Archer, 51
- Corkscrew Swamp Audubon Sanctuary, 154, 156, 160, 164
- corporate paternalism, 17, 22
- Corridor of Shame (2005), 212
- cotton: 71, 76, 84, 110. See also boll weevil
- Council Brothers, 189
- Cow Castle Swamp, 151
- CSX Corporation, 221, 228
- cultural landscapes, 3, 7, 108, 167–68, 169, 195
- cut-out-and-get-out lumbering, 12, 20, 31–32n9
- cypress knees, 149, 162, 170
- cypress swamps, 129, 144, 154, 156, 165
- E. P. Burton Lumber Company, 62, 133
- Eastern Wilderness Act (1975), 197
- Ecologists Union, 155
- Economic Council of the Forest Industries, 137
- Economic Development Administration, 136
- Edgerton, Alice, 48
- Edgerton, Daisy Priscilla Smith: 47, 49, 57, 63, 64n2, 67n45; conservation efforts, Page 258 →6–7, 39, 46–47, 48, 50; South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs, 48, 57; teaching & writings, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56–61, 63; work with SC Governor Wilson G. Harvey, 45, 46, 48–49, 51–52, 54–55, 56, 58, 60, 61; US Forest Service work, 39, 46, 48–50, 70n120. See also South Carolina Forestry Association (SCFA)
- Edgerton, Edward Samuel, 39
- Edisto River, 150, 153, 159, 170–71n2
- Edwards, James B., 191, 192, 193, 195, 198
- Elder, James, 190, 191, 196
- Elfenbein, Jessica I., 6
- elite whites, 6–7, 61, 226
- elm trees, 82
- Emergency Conservation Work Act (1933, 1937), 103–107, 113
- enslavement: 2, 19, 187, 213; labor, 3, 4–5, 84, 151, 176, 196, 213; slaveholder wealth, 7, 14, 196, 197, 213, 216, 227. See also Jim Crow
- environmental activism, 7, 39, 40, 138, 139, 183, 199
- Eutaw Springs battlefield, 221, 230, 231
- Eutaw Springs Passage (Palmetto Trail), 152, 214–15, 221, 223, 229, 230, 231, 231, 232, 235, 236
- Eutawville, SC, 8, 11, 16, 32n11, 36n90, 72, 221, 225, 225, 226–30
- Evans, Brock, 191, 197
- Evans, Emily Mansfield, 56
- Evans, J. J., 45
- Fann, Dee, 82
- Fannin, Mark, 25
- Fechner, Robert, 104, 105, 115
- Federal Trade Commission, 143
- Ferguson, Benjamin F., 4, 15, 18, 72, 152, 247
- Ferguson, SC: 13, 16, 26, 30, 31n6, 34n53, 72, 152, 232, 247; African American community, 11–12, 13, 17–18, 21–24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32n11; health & environmental hazards, 25, 27; immigrant community, 24, 27; Santee-Cooper Project, 8, 29, 86; white community, 13, 19, 26, 27, 32n11. See also Santee River Cypress Lumber Company (SRCLC)
- Fiege, Mark, 169
- fish pirating, 153
- Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 215
- floodplain forests, 2, 3, 7, 186, 187
- Flores-Villalobos, Joan, 23, 35n67, 69
- flu, 113
- Foner, Eric, 44
- Ford, Gerald, 190, 198
- Forest Conditions in South Carolina (US Forest Service), 40, 41, 50, 52
- forest depletion, 8, 14, 40, 130
- forest fire suppression, 40, 42, 43, 61–62, 133
- forest fragmentation, 3, 149
- forest maintenance, 43, 104, 119
- forest management, 5, 40, 41–42, 73, 108–109, 129, 137, 150, 156
- Forester, Hampton N., 78
- Fort Jackson, 213, 237
- Four Holes Swamp: 7, 137, 164; Beidler family ownership, 144, 154, 160, 170–71n2, 179; biodiversity, 150–51, 159, 162–63, 166; corporate land ownership, 151; conservation efforts, 152, 154; logging interests, 131, 132–33, 134; National Audubon Society efforts, 150, 154–55, 157, 167, 168, 179; Nature Conservancy efforts, 150, 155, 164, 168, 188; timber rights, 151, 152. See also Beidler Forst Audubon Sanctuary; Brunswig, Norman
- Francis Beidler Charitable Trust of Chicago, 183
- Francis Marion National Forest, 43, 166, 225
- Francis Marion Bridge, 210
- Frank Van Ness and Associates, 75–76, 78, 93n28
- Free Range advocates, 17, 43, 50, 61, 62
- Friends of the Earth, 191, 192
- Page 259 →furniture industry, 71–72, 76, 88, 89, 141, 193
- Gale, Bob, 163, 164
- Galloway-Pease (GP), 80, 82–83, 84, 89
- game birds, 118, 153
- Garber, W. A., 43
- Georgia-Pacific Corporation, 6, 89, 95n51, 55, 133, 141–43, 164–65, 189
- Germany, Kent, 8, 246
- girdling (trees), 18, 73
- global capitalism, 213, 215, 224, 227, 232
- Golden, Julia, 23
- Goodyear, N. M., 13
- Great Depression, 84–85, 99–100n95, 103–104, 107, 141
- Great Western Land Company, 83
- habitat fragmentation, 3, 149, 165–66
- habitat loss, 149, 162
- Hahn, Steven, 44
- Hamel, Paul B., 159, 160
- Hampton, Harry R. E.: 180, 195; hunting & fishing, 7, 177, 179, 182; newspaper editorship, 177–78, 179–80; support for Congaree National Park, 7, 176, 178–79, 181–82, 183
- Hampton, Hester, 23
- Hampton III, Wade, 177
- Hanahan, J. W., 45
- Handte, Peter, 83
- Harper, L. P., 61
- Harry Hampton Visitor Center (Congaree National Park), 1, 1, 2, 177, 178
- Hart, T. Robert, 7, 216, 227
- Harvey, Wilson G., 45, 46, 48–49, 50–51, 54, 62, 63, 67n66
- Hays, Samuel P., 183
- Hemingway, R. F., 13
- Henry, Jim, 22
- Henry, Mamie, 22, 23
- Hester, Al, 6
- hickory trees, 82
- High Hills of the Santee, 5, 103, 109–10, 214
- High Point, NC, 76–77, 252
- high-grading, 137
- historic preservation, 84
- Hobcaw Barony, 166
- Hollings, Ernest F. “Fritz,” 192, 198
- Holly Hill Cypress Company, 131, 133
- Holly Hill Forest Industries, Inc., 142
- Holly Hill Lumber Company: 6, 135, 138, 140–41, 144, 151; employment impact, 129, 132, 136, 140, 142; engineered wood, 135, 136, 143; fiberboard, 131, 135, 136, 141, 142; forestland management, 129, 134, 137, 138, 143–44; industrial innovation, 6, 143; logging by rail, 130, 132, 133–35; lumber mills, 129, 130–37, 141; management team, 129, 142, 144; purchase by Georgia-Pacific, 6, 141–43, 164
- holly trees, 82, 119
- Hooded warblers, 163, 166
- Horse Range Watershed Drainage Project (Soil Conservation Service), 164
- hunt clubs, 72, 167, 177
- Hurricane Hugo, 166
- hydroelectric power: 29, 84, 85, 86, 163, 210, 212, 216. See also Santee Cooper Project; Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Hyman, Owen James, 17
- James F. Byrnes Monument, 213
- Janiskee, Robert, 194
- Jennings, Lang D., 78
- Jim Crow, 6, 13, 17, 21, 26–27, 28, 36n90, 61, 187, 212
- John Lawson National Historical Park, 198
- Johnson, Charles, 28
- Johnson, D. B., 53
- Page 260 →Johnson, Lyndon B., 210, 228
- Johnson, Sydney, 156–57, 170
- Johnston, Olin D., 228
- Jones, William P., 17
- labor movement, 3, 6, 17, 26, 36–37n93, 104
- Lacey Act (1900), 153
- Ladson, Mary, 23
- Lake Marion, 2, 29, 30, 86, 188, 210, 214, 216, 218, 221, 232, 234, 234, 247
- Lake Moultrie, 210, 211, 216, 217
- Lammers, Albert, 151
- Lammers, Frederick, 151
- Lammers, George, 151
- Land and Water Conservation Fund, 198
- landscape ecology, 165, 166
- Laney, Don, III, 190
- Lee, Nedra K., 28
- Lekan, Thomas M., 7
- Leopold Report, 185, 187
- Leopold, Aldo Starker, 185
- Leopold, Aldo, 170, 185, 187
- livestock range control laws, 40, 43, 44
- loblolly pines, 1, 34n42, 156, 166, 182, 188, 196, 200–201n7
- Lockwood, Green and Company, 75
- logging camps, 5, 12, 22, 32n11, 35n67, 72, 82, 98n76
- longleaf pine trees, 1, 3, 43, 119, 130, 134, 151, 156, 166, 213
- Louisiana Pacific Corporation, 143
- lumber industry mechanization, 24, 25, 142
- lumber towns: 8, 11, 12, 13, 27, 36–37n93, 86. See also Ferguson, SC
- lumber trading, 71
- lumber-industry-related injuries/dangers, 14, 25, 28, 152, 37n99,104
- lynching, 36n90, 187
- Major, Daniel F., 27, 28, 37n104
- Major, George, 27
- malaria, 19, 25, 80–81, 85, 109, 152, 226, 242n48
- Manigault, Peter, 7, 154, 178
- maple trees, 78, 89, 110
- Marion, Francis, 197
- Mason, Charles T., Jr., 77
- Matthews, James, 151
- Maybank, Burnet, 228
- McGregor, William H. Davis, 194
- McMickel, Daisy, 24
- McMickel, Ella, 24
- McMickel, Ida, 24
- McMickel, James, 23
- McMickel, Julia, 22
- Melrose plantation, 109, 110
- Mielnik, Tara Mitchell, 108
- Migratory Bird Treaty (1918), 154
- Miller, Lawrence E., Sr., 131–33, 134, 136–37, 141
- Mims, Tom, 158, 164, 165
- Minnesota-South Carolina Land & Timber Company, 132, 133, 151
- Mississippi kites, 154, 182
- mitigation (in conservation), 167, 168
- Moise, Davis D., 81, 97n68
- Montague, R. L., 61
- Moomaw, Ben F., 188
- Muir, John, 42–43, 176, 181, 190
- mumps, 113
- Murray, F. H., 115
- Myrtle Beach State Park, 107, 116
- Nash, Roderick, 182
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 105
- National Audubon Society: 160, 192; bird protection efforts, 152, 153, 154, 158, 165, 166; land purchases, 164, 165, 167, 170, 179; South Carolina chapter, 40, Page 261 →51, 191. See also Brunswig, Norman; Congaree National Park: National Audubon Society efforts; Corkscrew Swamp Audubon Sanctuary; Four Holes Swamp: National Audubon efforts; Francis Beidler Forest Audubon Sanctuary
- National Forest Products Association, 137, 138
- National Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association, 73
- National Park Service (NPS): Congaree National Park, 175, 176, 183, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 198; scientific resource stewardship, 3, 184, 185–86; tourism development, 184, 185, 187
- Native Americans, 109, 177, 196, 197, 212
- natural preserve concept, 138, 180
- national preserve concept, 191, 206n115
- Nature Conservancy, The: 7, 150, 154–55, 160, 164, 168, 176, 178, 181, 182, 188. See also Four Holes Swamp: Nature Conservancy efforts
- New South elites, 21, 26, 44
- New South industrialization, 4, 11, 15, 151
- Nixon, Richard M., 190
- non-game birds, 153
- North State Lumber Company, 62
- Northern capital, 5, 130
- Northwestern of South Carolina Railroad, 72, 83
- Norwood, Annie, 56
- Norwood, Vera, 41
- Nu-Idea Desk Company, 79, 84
- O. L. Williams Top and Panel Company. See Williams Furniture Corporation
- O’Brien, William, 151
- O’Donnell, Neill, 77, 78, 94n41
- oak trees: in Congaree National Park, 178, 191, 200–201n7; in Four Holes Swamp, 150, 162; along Palmetto Trail, 8, 214, 229, 230, 231, 232; in Poinsett State Park, 110, 119, in Sumter County, 78, 82, 89
- Obama, Barack, 212
- Odum, Eugene, 156
- old-growth forests, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14–15, 28–29, 92n16, 130, 134, 139, 144, 149–55, 160–61, 165–66, 175, 177, 208n156
- Ottman, Edmond, 27
- Ottman, John, 27
- Ottman, May, 27
- Palmetto Hardwood Company, 28, 37n104
- Palmetto Trail, 8, 213–15, 219, 221–22, 224–25, 225, 229, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235–36
- Pardo, Juan, 197
- Patterson, Anthony, 28
- Pearson, Levi, 212
- Persons, Frank, 113
- Peters, J. Given, 40, 45, 54
- Pileated woodpeckers, 162
- Pinchot, Gifford, 42, 45, 152, 194
- pine plantations, 137–38, 144, 164
- Pinheiro, Holly A., 27
- Pinopolis Dam, 216
- planing mills, 16, 23, 30–31n2, 36n90, 74, 84, 132
- pneumonia, 25, 113
- Poinsett State Park: 111, 112, 116; athletics programming, 112, 113–14; Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) work, 5, 103, 106, 108, 109, 110–11, 113–14, 116, 117, 118–19, 120; education efforts, 112, 113, 119; Old Levi Mill Lake, 110, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121; origins/early days of, 109, 110–11, 116–17; popularity, 103, 108, 117, 119; race relations, 114–116, 117–18, 120, 214; Shanks Creek, 109, 110, 111, 112; social programming, 113, 114
- Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 110
- poplar trees, 78, 83, 110
- Poppenheim, Louisa B., 48
- Populism, 19, 44
- Potter, Edward E., 110
- Pough, Richard, 176, 181, 183, 185, 188, 194, 196, 202–203n36
- Prothonotary warblers, 149–50, 162
- Page 262 →Providence Swamp, 151
- Public Works Administration, 85, 100n96
- pull-boats, 18, 33n38
- pulpwood, 83, 92n16, 131, 135, 138, 156, 164, 238
- Putnam, William, 151
- R. L. Moore Lumber Company. See Holly Hill Lumber Company
- race relations, 3, 4, 36–37n93, 102n116, 218
- racialized labor, 5, 22
- racism, in outdoor recreation spaces, 103, 114–15, 117, 120, 121
- rafting, 130
- railroads: 221, 224, 228; economic growth, 71, 72, 75, 76, 84, 110, 232; timber industry, 5, 12, 15, 18, 80, 82–83, 88, 101–102n114, 130, 134
- Reagan, Ronald, 168
- recreational sportsmen, 3, 103, 107, 108, 138, 179, 181, 187, 199
- red gum trees. See sweetgum trees
- Reed, Lesley-Anne, 12
- Reeves, Pressley, 153
- reforestation, 43, 57, 104, 109, 118, 131, 160
- Reiger, John, 179, 181
- rewilding, 197
- Rice, James Henry, 45, 60
- Robertson, William, 181, 185, 186
- Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 154
- romanticism, 182
- Roosevelt, Eleanor, 113
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 85, 103–104, 105, 106, 113, 120, 216
- Roosevelt, Theodore, 152
- Rose, Fredrika, 22
- Ruby-crowned kinglets, 163
- Runte, Alfred, 182
- Russell, Donald Stuart, 188
- Rutledge, Archibald, 167
- sand mining, 169
- Sanders, Alex, 190, 196
- Santee Cooper Wildlife Management Area, 232, 234
- Santee Debris Removal Company, 2
- Santee Mercantile Company, 12
- Santee Passage (Palmetto Trail), 214, 222, 225
- Santee Portland Cement Corporation, 136, 137
- Santee River Cypress Lumber Company (SRCLC): 2, 4, 29, 34n42, 73; Beidler Forest ownership, 7; Black labor, 5, 11–12, 19–22, 25, 27–28, 31n6, 36n91; enclosure strategy, 17; female labor, 22, 35n67; Ferguson, SC, 5, 11–12, 16, 21, 26, 29, 32n11, 72, 85; immigrant labor, 19, 21, 27; labor recruitment, 19–20; land holdings, 82, 84, 86–87, 88–89, 91–92n14, 96n56,59; local opposition to, 17; log transportation, 18, 33n38; management, 15; roof shingle production, 15; saw mills, 20, 74, 152; sweetgum trees, 73–74; timber rights selling, 72, 74, 80, 86, 96nn56, 59, 101n105, 152; wood products companies, 6. See also Beidler, Francis; Chisholm, George; Ferguson, Benjamin F.; Johnson, Charles; Major, Daniel F.; Ottman, Edmond; Seeley, Fred
- Santee-Cooper Project, 84, 85–90, 87, 100n96, 100–101n99, 101n107, 102n116, 210, 215, 216, 228, 240n20, 242n48
- sawdust production, 83
- sawmill towns: 17, 21, 24, 32n13, 221. See also Ferguson, SC
- Scott, Collins B., 81, 83, 99n92
- Scott, James E., 54
- Scott, Robert, 193
- Seaboard Air Line, 72, 78, 221
- second Industrial Revolution, 4
- Seeley, Fred, 12, 15, 20, 22, 26, 28, 34n45, 36n91
- segregation, 5, 12, 13, 22, 26, 27, 105, 117, 212
- sharecropping, 2, 4–5, 44, 61
- shortleaf pine trees, 130
- Sierra Club, 176, 189–90, 191–92, 200n6
- Silcox, Ferdinand, 59, 70n120
- Singleton, Matthew, 109
- Page 263 →sinkers (bald cypress), 2
- Slocum, Karla, 13
- Smith, Farley, 152
- Smith, Forester Homer A., 87, 106, 108, 110
- Smith, H. S., 87
- Smith, Thomas Hirst, 46
- Snyder, Ann T., 189, 198
- Society of American Foresters (SAF), 64n2, 193
- Soto, Hernando de, 197
- Soucie, Gary, 191, 194, 198
- South Carolina Audubon Society, 191
- South Carolina Child Labor Committee, 23
- South Carolina Civilian Conservation Corps Forester, The, 108, 109
- South Carolina Environmental Coalition (SCEC), 190, 191, 192, 193
- South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs (SCFWC): 41, 42–43, 48
- South Carolina Forestry Association (SCFA), 7, 52–53, 54–57, 61, 62, 68n75, 140, 193–95
- South Carolina Forestry Commission, 40, 62, 68n75, 106–107, 110, 116, 118
- South Carolina Game and Fish Association. See South Carolina Wildlife Federation
- South Carolina Public Service Authority, 84, 100n96, 134, 191, 212
- South Carolina Wildlife Federation, 179
- Southern Forest Products Association, 137, 138
- Southern Pine Association, 137, 138
- Southern Railroad, 72
- Specific Area Report: Proposed Congaree Swamp National Monument (NPS, 1963), 176, 177, 185, 187, 188, 196
- Spence, Floyd, 191, 192–93, 195, 198
- St. Regis Paper Company, 143
- steam skidders, 5, 18, 25, 33n38, 134
- Stewart, Mart, 176, 187
- Stoddard, Herbert, 156
- Stucker, Jan, 198, 199
- subsistence logging, 20
- Sumter (SC) Board of Trade, 6, 71, 75–78, 79, 79–81, 83, 97n65, 114
- Sumter Cabinet, 74, 89
- Sumter Furniture Company. See O. L. Williams Top and Panel Company; Williams Furniture Company
- Sumter Hardwood Company, 74, 119
- Sumter National Forest, 225
- Sumter Telephone Company, 77
- Sumter Veneer and Panels, 74
- sustainability, 3, 143–44, 150, 156, 165, 193, 194, 195, 196
- sustained-yield forestry, 156, 189, 195
- Swainson’s warblers, 182
- Swallow-tailed kites, 154
- sweetgum trees, 18, 73–74, 78, 80, 82, 89, 92n16, 189, 200–201n7
- Tanner, James, 165, 181
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 85
- textile mills, 11, 23, 27, 30–31n2, 32n14, 72, 85
- Theodore Roosevelt National Park (ND), 182
- Thurmond, J. Strom, 198
- Tilghman, Horace L., 61, 62
- Tillman, Benjamin, 44
- timber depletion, 8, 40, 137, 139
- timber prices, 175
- tourism, 107, 184, 185, 194, 215, 238n4, 240n20
- transcendentalism, 182
- tree farm movement, 134
- tupelo gum trees, 89, 119, 149, 150, 152, 155, 160, 161, 164
- Turner, Webb, 89, 95n55
- turpentine, 14, 110, 176
- Underground Railroad, 169
- unemployment, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108
- US Army Corps of Engineers, 168, 186, 216
- US Bureau of Forestry, 29, 58, 73
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, 168
- US Forest Service: 7, 42, 67n66, 70n120; encouragement of local involvement, Page 264 →41, 45, 52, 55; land acquisition & recreational development, 40, 63; public outreach, 43, 52–53, 55; utilitarian conservation, 40, 42, 45, 52, 166. See also Edgerton, Daisy Priscilla Smith: US Forest Service work
- US Highway 301, 210–11, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 238n4
- wage labor, 4, 19, 24, 35n67, 44
- Walker, Alice Octavia, 46
- Walker, Ronald H., 190
- Walker, Will, 81
- Wateree Passage (Palmetto Trail), 214
- Wateree River, 97–98n70, 103, 109, 118, 213
- Waterhouse, Mary E., 41
- Watkins, Richard, 190
- Way, Albert, 156
- Wayburn, Edgar, 190
- Wayne, Arthur T., 159
- Weeks Act (1911), 40, 45
- Wells, Frank, 113
- Westvaco, 143
- Wetland Reserve Program (WRP), 168
- Weyerhaeuser, 143
- Wharton, Charles, 154, 183, 203n51
- white landowners, 5, 7, 44, 85
- White-eyed vireos, 166
- Wilderness Act (1964), 182, 184–85, 197, 204n64
- Williams Furniture Corporation: 75, 79, 84, 88, 89, 90, 94n44, 95n55, 141, 245, 246, 247; economic impact on Sumter, SC, 78, 79, 88, 95n55; as industry leader, 78, 119; purchase by Georgia-Pacific, 6, 89, 102n120
- Williams, Mike, 224
- Williams, Oliver Lafayette (O. L.), 74, 76, 77, 78
- Williams, VB, 89
- Wirth, Conrad, 183
- wise-use philosophy, 58, 193
- Witness Tree Protection Program (NPS), 232
- witness trees, 8, 230–32, 231
- wood pulp, 138, 142, 144
- Wood storks, 154, 163
- Wright, Z. Dale, 138