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Affective Rhetorics: Reembodying Circulation in Digital Spaces: Notes

Affective Rhetorics: Reembodying Circulation in Digital Spaces
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. List of Illustrations
  7. Series Editor’s Preface
  8. Preface
  9. Introduction. Bodies in Motion
    1. A Transnational Feminist Rhetorical Framing of Circulation, Affect, and Neoliberalism
    2. Trajectory of Affective Rhetorics
    3. Affective Transformations: Why Now?
  10. One: Reembodying Circulation
    1. Where Is the Body in Circulation?
    2. From Textual Actancy to Affective Agency
    3. Affective Circulation as a Transitional Feminist Rhetorical Analytic
    4. Situating Amina Sboui
  11. Two: Amplified Rhetorics
    1. Body as Object
    2. Body as Madness
    3. Body as Protest
    4. Body as Nation
    5. Amplification as a Kind of World-Making
  12. Three: Velocitized Rhetorics
    1. Sboui Versus femen and the Affective Rhetorics of Oppression and Liberation
    2. Femen Versus MWAF and the Affective Rhetorics of Universalism and Difference
    3. Irreconcilable Feminisms and the Foreclosure of Possibility
    4. The West Versus the Arab World and the Affective Rhetorics of War and Terror
    5. Velocity and Polarization
  13. Four: Enduring Rhetorics
    1. Sedimented Rhetorics
    2. Universal Rhetorics
    3. Global Rhetorics
    4. Archived Rhetorics
  14. Five: Affective Circulation
    1. Affect and Rhetorical Responsibility, Agency, and Efficacy
    2. Affective Futures
  15. Acknowledgments
  16. Notes
  17. Bibliography
  18. Index

Notes

Introduction

  1.   1. Bennett, Vibrant Matter; Barnett and Boyle, eds., Rhetoric, Through Everyday Things; Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted”; Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric; Morton, Realist Magic; Rickert, Ambient Rhetoric.
  2.   2. See Dingo, Networking Arguments; Grewal, Transnational America; Hesford, Spectacular Rhetorics; Queen, “Transnational Feminist Rhetorics in a Digital World”; Mahmood, Politics of Piety; McKinnon, “Necropolitical Voices”; Mohanty, “Under Western Eyes”; Nish, Activist Literacies; Riedner, Writing Neoliberal Values; Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”; Wingard, Branded Bodies; and Yam, Inconvenient Strangers.
  3.   3. See Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric; Edwards and Lang, “Entanglements That Matter”; Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition.”
  4.   4. Bradshaw, “Slow Circulation,” 483.
  5.   5. See Porter, “Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric”; Ridolfo, “Rhetorical Delivery as Strategy”; Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition”; Gries and Brooke, eds., Circulation, Writing, and Rhetoric.
  6.   6. See Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion; Massumi, The Politics of Affect.
  7.   7. See Gregg and Seigworth, eds., The Affect Theory Reader; Massumi, The Politics of Affect; Seigworth and Pedwell, eds., The Affect Theory Reader 2.
  8.   8. See Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion; Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation in Late Capitalism” and Market Affect; Clough, The User Unconscious.
  9.   9. See Anderson, “Neoliberal Affects” and Spaces of Affect and Emotion; Berlant, Cruel Optimism; Coleman, Transforming Images; Ingraham, Gestures of Concern; Thrift, “Intensities of Feeling.”
  10. 10. See Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion; Pedwell, Affective Relations; Zhang and Clark, eds., Affect, Emotion, and Rhetorical Persuasion in Mass Communication.
  11. 11. Coleman, Transforming Images, 32.
  12. 12. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 3.
  13. 13. See Ahmed, “Affective Economies”; Chaput, “Affect and Belonging”; Clough, The User Unconscious; Wingard, Branded Bodies.
  14. 14. See Clough, The User Unconscious.
  15. 15. See chapter 1 for more on this. Also, see Chaput’s “Rhetorical Circulation,” 6.
  16. 16. See Dingo, Networking Arguments; Hesford, Spectacular Rhetorics; Queen, “Transnational Feminist Rhetorics in a Digital World”; McKinnon, “Necropolitical Voices”; Nish, Activist Literacies; Riedner, Writing Neoliberal Values; Wingard, Branded Bodies; Yam, Inconvenient Strangers.
  17. 17. Hesford and Schell, “Introduction: Configurations of Transnationality,” 465.
  18. 18. See Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition.”
  19. 19. Foucault, “Governmentality,” 89.
  20. 20. Bacchetta et al., “Transnational Feminist Practices against War,” 306.

Chapter 1: Reembodying Circulation

  1.   1. See Porter, “Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric”; Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition”; Gries and Brooke, eds., Circulation, Writing, and Rhetoric.
  2.   2. Gries, “Iconographic Tracking,” 333.
  3.   3. On transnational studies, see Dingo, Networking Arguments; Hesford, Spectacular Rhetorics; Queen, “Transnational Feminist Rhetorics in a Digital World”; McKinnon, “Necropolitical Voices”; Nish, Activist Literacies; Riedner, Writing Neoliberal Values; Wingard, Branded Bodies; Yam, Inconvenient Strangers. On political economy, see Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation in Late Capitalism” and Market Affect; Dean, Blog Theory and Publicity’s Secret; and Trimbur, “Composition and the Circulation of Writing” and “Delivering the Message.” On contagion theory, see Edbauer-Rice, “Unframing Models of Public Distribution.” On memetic theory, see Davis, “Memetic Rhetorical Theory.” On affect theory, see Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion; Massumi, The Politics of Affect; and Stewart, Ordinary Affects. On public sphere theory, see Warner, Publics and Counterpublics and Lecourt, Social Mediations.
  4.   4. Edbauer-Rice, “Unframing Models of Public Distribution,” 13.
  5.   5. Edbauer-Rice, “Unframing Models of Public Distribution,” 15.
  6.   6. For more on digital rhetoric, see Eyman, Digital Rhetoric.
  7.   7. See Gries et al., “Rhetorical New Materialisms (RNM).”
  8.   8. Bennett, Vibrant Matter, 3.
  9.   9. Rickert, Ambient Rhetoric, 306.
  10. 10. Edwards and Lang, “Entanglements That Matter,” 120.
  11. 11. Edwards and Lang, “Entanglements That Matter,” 125.
  12. 12. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, 7.
  13. 13. Lunceford, “Where Is the Body?” 148.
  14. 14. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, 238.
  15. 15. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, 87.
  16. 16. As I note in the introduction, my definition of neoliberalism comes from scholar David Harvey’s conceptualization of neoliberalism as a political project and, more specifically, an ideological and economic framework that prioritizes market logic, individual responsibility, and the dismantling of collective welfare systems. This framework emphasizes competition, entrepreneurialism, and the commodification of all aspects of life. For my purposes, I see neoliberalism extending beyond economic policy to shape cultural norms, governance structures, and individual subjectivities. Under neoliberalism, individuals are recast as self-interested, entrepreneurial actors who are responsible for their own success or failure. For more on this, see Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism.
  17. 17. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, 289.
  18. 18. Monbiot, “Neoliberalism.”
  19. 19. Hardy et al., “From Black Twitter,” 431.
  20. 20. Hardy et al., “From Black Twitter.”
  21. 21. In addition to Dean, see Fuch, Internet and Society and Internet and Surveillance.
  22. 22. See Dean, Blog Theory and Publicity’s Secret.
  23. 23. Dean, Blog Theory, 163.
  24. 24. Chaput, “The Body as a Site of Material–Symbolic Struggle,” 90
  25. 25. Ott and Dickinson, “Redefining Rhetoric.”
  26. 26. See Brown, “Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy”; Foucault, “Governmentality”; Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism.
  27. 27. Nguyen, ed., Rhetoric in Neoliberalism, 4.
  28. 28. Chaput, “Affect and Belonging,” 15.
  29. 29. Edbauer-Rice, “The New ‘New.’”
  30. 30. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, 87.
  31. 31. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, 275.
  32. 32. Hillis et al., eds., Networked Affect, 13.
  33. 33. Ahmed, “Affective Economies,” 119.
  34. 34. Thrift, “Intensities of Feeling,” 57; see also Anderson, Encountering Affect and “Neoliberal Affects.”
  35. 35. Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation,” 6.
  36. 36. Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation,” 7.
  37. 37. Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation,” 2–3.
  38. 38. Ahmed, “Affective Economies,” 117.
  39. 39. Abu-Lughod, Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? 67.
  40. 40. In addition to Abu-Lughod’s Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?, other scholars who have written about the positioning of Muslim and Arab women in Western discourses include Amal Amireh (e.g., “Between Complicity and Subversion”), Marnia Lazreg (e.g., Questioning the Veil), and Nadia G. Yaqub and Rula Quawas (e.g., eds. of Bad Girls of the Arab World).
  41. 41. Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, 195.
  42. 42. Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation.”
  43. 43. I use the phrase “Arab world” based on scholar Fatima Zahrae Chrifi Alaoui’s (“The Vernacular Discourse of the “Arab Spring”) discussion of the term in the context of histories, people, and locations. I also use MENA (Middle East and North Africa) when referring to the Arab world in terms of location.
  44. 44. Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, 196.
  45. 45. Gregg and Seigworth, eds., The Affect Theory Reader.
  46. 46. Berlant, Cruel Optimism, 15.
  47. 47. Mikdashi, “Queering Citizenship,” 350; see also Mikdashi, “Religious Conversion and Da‘wa Secularism” for more on citizenship and performance.
  48. 48. Hennessy, Profit and Pleasure, 6.
  49. 49. LeCourt, Social Mediations, 61–63.
  50. 50. Chaput, “Rhetorical Circulation,” 21.
  51. 51. Hennessy, Materialist Feminism and the Politics of Discourse, 37.
  52. 52. Chaput, Market Affect, 37.
  53. 53. Chaput, Market Affect, 23.
  54. 54. Hesford and Schell, “Introduction,” 465.
  55. 55. Dingo, Networking Arguments, 7.
  56. 56. Dingo, Networking Arguments, 11.
  57. 57. For more on transnational analytics, see Briggs, Laura et al, “Transnationalism: A Category of Analysis” and Ashwini, Tambe. “Transnational Feminist Studies.”
  58. 58. See Dingo, Networking Arguments; Dingo et al, “Transnational Approach to Feminist Rhetorical Practices”; Hesford, Spectacular Rhetorics; Queen, “Transnational Feminist Rhetorics in a Digital World”; McKinnon, “Necropolitical Voices”; Nish, Activist Literacies; Riedner, Writing Neoliberal Values; Wingard, Branded Bodies; Yam, Inconvenient Strangers.
  59. 59. See Grewal’s Transnational America.
  60. 60. For more on the rhetoric around the Arab uprisings, see Diab, “The Rise of the Arab Spring,” and Chrifi Alaoui “The Vernacular Discourse of the ‘Arab Spring.’”
  61. 61. See for example Kraidy, The Naked Blogger of Cairo; Hasso and Salime, ed., Freedom Without Permission.
  62. 62. Hasso and Salime, eds., Freedom Without Permission, 2.
  63. 63. See Elgot, “Topless Tunisian Femen”; also see Breslaw, “Young Tunisian Woman.”
  64. 64. See Butler, “Fuck Your Morals.”
  65. 65. See “Amina Tyler for Tunisia Women’s Rights,” YouTube.
  66. 66. Farrell, “Tunisian Constitution.”
  67. 67. From the 1993 Constitution: “It is incumbent upon each one of the spouses to treat the other with kindness and improve his or her wellbeing (‘ashira), and avoid inflicting harm upon him or her. The two spouses shall undertake married responsibilities according to what custom (al-‘urf) and common practice (al-‘āda) require, and help improve the family’s affairs (shu’ūn). They shall raise children and provide for them (taṣrīf shu’ūnihim), including: education, travel, and financial transactions. It is incumbent upon the husband, in his capacity as the head (ra’īs) of the family, to provide for his wife and children to the extent that his conditions and theirs allow within the scope of the content of payments. It is incumbent upon the wife to contribute to the family’s expenditures if she has means (māl)” (translated by Farrell).
  68. 68. Farrell, “Tunisian Constitution.”
  69. 69. “Support Egyptian Atheist Blogger.”
  70. 70. Eileraas, “Revolution Undressed,” 198.
  71. 71. Egyptian-American activist Mona el-Tahawey; Libyan cyberactivist Danya Bashir; Bahraini journalist Lamees Dhaif; Egyptian activist Dalia Ziada; Saudi Arabian activist Manal al-Sharif; Yemen activist Tawokkol Karman; Yemen activist Maria Al-Masani
  72. 72. Eileraas, “Revolution Undressed,” 198.
  73. 73. BenYoussef, “Gender and the Fractured Mythscapes,” 74.
  74. 74. Eileraas, “Revolution Undressed,” 198.

Chapter 2: Amplified Rhetorics

  1.   1. “Amplification,” Dictionary.com
  2.   2. Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition.”
  3.   3. Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition.”
  4.   4. Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric, xiv.
  5.   5. Warner, Publics and Counterpublics.
  6.   6. Warner, Publics and Counterpublics, 91.
  7.   7. See Gries, Still Life with Rhetoric; Porter, “Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric”; and Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted.”
  8.   8. Gurney, “How Vladimir Putin Beat femen.”
  9.   9. “Topless Jihad Day,” Kafir Crusaders.
  10. 10. “femen Storm in a DD-Cup.”
  11. 11. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  12. 12. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  13. 13. “Nude Facebook Photo Protest,” The National.
  14. 14. “‘Quarantine Her!’”
  15. 15. See Showalter, The Female Malady.
  16. 16. “The JAWA Report: ‘Quarantine Her’!”
  17. 17. Shevchenko, “Topless Jihad.”
  18. 18. See “Topless Jihad Day” on femen’s Facebook for photos and comments regarding “Topless Jihad Day,” https://www.facebook.com/profile/100064645363713/.
  19. 19. See Mohanty, “Under Western Eyes and Alexander and Mohanty, eds. Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures.”
  20. 20. Shevchenko quoted in Cochrane, “Rise of the Naked Female Warriors.”
  21. 21. See Abu-Lughod, Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?
  22. 22. Cosslett, “If Women Have to Get Their Tits Out to Make a Point, So Be It.”
  23. 23. Shevchenko quoted in Cochrane, “Rise of the Naked Female Warriors.”
  24. 24. Shevchenko, “Topless Jihad.”
  25. 25. See Hanisch, “The Personal Is Political.”
  26. 26. Namazie, “Let’s Breast Them,” Comments.
  27. 27. Klein, “Baring Breasts for Social Justice.”
  28. 28. Sara Nelson, “Topless Jihad Day.”
  29. 29. Bates, “Women’s Bodies.”
  30. 30. Mohanty, “Under Western Eyes,” 336–37.
  31. 31. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  32. 32. Namazie, “Let’s Breast Them.”
  33. 33. Namazie, “Let’s Breast Them.”
  34. 34. “Tunisian Topless Activist Feared Missing Is Safe,” France 24.
  35. 35. Hesford and Kozol, Just Advocacy?, 15.
  36. 36. Brown, “Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy,” 459–60.
  37. 37. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  38. 38. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  39. 39. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  40. 40. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  41. 41. James, “My Body Is My Own.”
  42. 42. James, “My Body Is My Own.”
  43. 43. “Foreign Affairs and News in Archives Forum.”
  44. 44. Ford, “Is This Photo Grounds for Death?”
  45. 45. Ford, “Is This Photo Grounds for Death?” (see comment section).
  46. 46. Bates, “Women’s Bodies.”
  47. 47. Womanunveiled, “Amina Tyler’s Naked Activism.”
  48. 48. Sara Nelson, “Topless Tunisian femen Protester.”
  49. 49. Tunisia, a country in Northern Africa, is usually considered as part of the MENA region.
  50. 50. James, “My Body Is My Own.”
  51. 51. Hesford and Kozol, Just Advocacy? 16–17.
  52. 52. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” 14.
  53. 53. Grewal, Transnational America, 130, my emphasis.
  54. 54. Hesford and Kozol, Just Advocacy? viii.
  55. 55. Jaggar, “Globalizing Feminist Ethics,” 12.
  56. 56. See Femen’s Twitter/X and Facebook pages.

Chapter 3: Velocitized Rhetorics

  1.   1. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  2.   2. Ridolfo and DeVoss, “Composing for Recomposition.”
  3.   3. “Polarity,” Merriam-Webster.
  4.   4. “Topless Jihad Day,” Kafir Crusaders.
  5.   5. “Topless Jihad Day,” Kafir Crusaders.
  6.   6. Swann, “Nudity Is a Dumb Argument.”
  7.   7. Swann, “Nudity Is a Dumb Argument.”
  8.   8. Giovanni, “Can Bare Breasts Save Tunisia?”
  9.   9. Valizadeh, “Roosh V.” Interestingly enough, the author and creator of the site, Roosh V, is also the author of the book Bang, “a textbook for picking up girls and getting laid.”
  10. 10. Duke, “Boobs, not Barbarity.”
  11. 11. “Topless Jihad Day,” Kafir Crusaders.
  12. 12. “Topless Tunisian Feminist Protester,” Roosh V Forum, see comments section.
  13. 13. “Muslim Women Against femen,” Facebook.
  14. 14. Twitter/X, #MuslimahPrideDay.
  15. 15. Originally appeared on the blog, Voices of Revolution.
  16. 16. Muslim Women against femen, “An Open Letter to femen.”
  17. 17. “Muslim Women Against femen,” Facebook.
  18. 18. Muslim Women against femen, “An Open Letter to femen.”
  19. 19. Elahi-Siddiqui, “Why I, as a Muslim Woman.”
  20. 20. Riaz, “De-centering Dialogue.”
  21. 21. “Badass Muslimahs.”
  22. 22. “Muslim Women Send Message to femen.”
  23. 23. “Muslim Women Send Message to femen,” emphasis in the original.
  24. 24. Namazi, “You Just Don’t Get It.”
  25. 25. Namazi, “You Just Don’t Get It,” Comments.
  26. 26. Bacchi, “Anti-Femen Topless Jihad Day.”
  27. 27. Shevchenko quoted in Sara Nelson, “Inna Shevchenko Responds to Muslim Women.”
  28. 28. Shevchenko quoted. in Sara Nelson, “Inna Shevchenko Responds to Muslim Women.” In this quote, 7/7 refers to the London bombings on July 7, 2005. Four suicide bombers targeted London’s public transport system, killing 52 people and injuring hundreds of others. See https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33253598 for more information.
  29. 29. Shevchenko, “We Are Femen.”
  30. 30. Schemm, “Muslim Women Vs. femen.”
  31. 31. “Femen’s Topless Jihad Day.”
  32. 32. “Femen’s Topless Jihad Day.”
  33. 33. Greenhouse, “How to Provoke National Unrest.”
  34. 34. Greenhouse, “How to Provoke National Unrest.”
  35. 35. Tayler, “Why femen Is Right.”
  36. 36. Tayler, “Why femen Is Right.”
  37. 37. Tayler, “Why femen Is Right.”
  38. 38. Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion.
  39. 39. Brown, “Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy,” 459.
  40. 40. Brown, “Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy,” 460.
  41. 41. Chaput, “The Body as a Site of Material-Symbolic Struggle.”
  42. 42. Chaput, “The Body as a Site of Material-Symbolic Struggle,” 98–101.
  43. 43. Chaput, “The Body as a Site of Material-Symbolic Struggle,” 99.
  44. 44. Berlant, Cruel Optimism.

Chapter 4: Enduring Rhetorics

  1.   1. Plumb, “femen Activists Rock the Casbah but Suffer a Brutal Beating.” It is worth noting that this article is no longer available/accessible.
  2.   2. Blair, “Topless Femen Protesters.”
  3.   3. Plumb, “femen Activists Rock The Casbah but Suffer a Brutal Beating.” It is worth noting that this article is no longer available or accessible.
  4.   4. See Femen’s Blog, Facebook, and Twitter/X for further examples of rhetorical constructions of “universal rights.”
  5.   5. Darman quoted in Nomani’s “Topless femen Protesters Expose Radical Islam’s Real Boobs.”
  6.   6. Nomani, “Topless femen Protesters Expose Radical Islam’s Real Boobs.”
  7.   7. Macnab, “‘I Don’t Want to Be Liked.’”
  8.   8. Crocker, “femen’s Topless Sextremists Invade the US.”
  9.   9. Crocker, “femen’s Topless Sextremists Invade the US.”
  10. 10. McPartland, “Femen Activists Dragged Off Stage at Islam Event.”
  11. 11. Commenter quoted in Robinson, “Shocking Moment Two Topless Feminist Protestors Storm Muslim Conference.”
  12. 12. Commenter quoted in Robinson, “Shocking Moment Two Topless Feminist Protestors Storm Muslim Conference.”
  13. 13. Plumb, “femen Activists Rock The Casbah but Suffer a Brutal Beating.”
  14. 14. Commenter quoted in Robinson, “Shocking Moment Two Topless Feminist Protestors Storm Muslim Conference.”
  15. 15. See “Saudi Arabia: Religious Police Role in School Fire Criticized,” Human Rights Watch; see also Dickey, Christopher and Rod Nordland, “The Fire That Won’t Die Out”
  16. 16. Ahmed, “Affective Economies,” 131–32.
  17. 17. See femen’s Instagram, January 23, 2022.
  18. 18. Howard, “Iranian Woman Detained over Undressing Is Released without Charge.”
  19. 19. See femen’s Facebook
  20. 20. “Ahoo Daryaei Released from Hospital,” Iran Wire.
  21. 21. See #freeamina hashtag.
  22. 22. “Iran to Open Hijab Clinic”; “UN Resolution Slams Iran Rights Record.”
  23. 23. femen’s Facebook, November 17, 2024.

Chapter 5: Affective Circulation

  1.   1. Brown, “Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy.”
  2.   2. See Pfister, “Digital Infrastructures of Affect and the Future of the Networked Public Sphere,” for more on the relationship between emotions and the “like economy.”
  3.   3. Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, 12.
  4.   4. Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted,” 421.
  5.   5. Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted,” 421.
  6.   6. Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted,” 422.
  7.   7. Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted,” 421.
  8.   8. Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted,” 422.
  9.   9. Cooper, “Rhetorical Agency as Emergent and Enacted,” 422, my wording and emphasis.
  10. 10. Chaput, “Affect and Belonging.”
  11. 11. Chaput, Market Affect, 4.
  12. 12. Chaput, Market Affect, 160.
  13. 13. Chaput, Market Affect, 161.
  14. 14. Eren, “Boobies and Other Issues?”
  15. 15. Carmon, “George W. Bush,” quoted in Eren, “Boobies and Other Issues.”
  16. 16. For more on this, see Abu-Lughod, Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?
  17. 17. Kelly, “Femen: How Did Things Go So Wrong?”
  18. 18. Kelly, “Femen: How Did Things Go So Wrong?”
  19. 19. Kelly, “Femen: How Did Things Go So Wrong?”
  20. 20. Kelly, “Femen: How Did Things Go So Wrong?”
  21. 21. Grewal and Kaplan, Scattered Hegemonies, 5.
  22. 22. Hardy et al., “From Black Twitter,” 437.
  23. 23. Chaput, Market Affect, 33.

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