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In the Service of God and Humanity: Conscience, Reason, and the Mind of Martin R. Delany: Bibliography

In the Service of God and Humanity: Conscience, Reason, and the Mind of Martin R. Delany
Bibliography

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. Introduction
  8. Chapter 1: Religion: Integration and Black Nationalism
    1. The Black Church and Antislavery
    2. The Moral Suasion Challenge
    3. Engaging “Illiberal” and Liberal Churches
    4. Delany’s Materialist and This-Worldly Theology
    5. Religion and Emigration: 1850–1863
    6. Conclusion
  9. Chapter 2: Violence: Martyrdom vs. Survival
    1. Debating Violence
    2. Delany, Moral Suasion, and Violence
    3. Delany, the Fugitive Slave Law, and Violence
    4. Delany, John Brown, and Violence
    5. Delany’s Blake: Violence and Providential Determinism
    6. Conclusion
  10. Chapter 3: Education: Why, Which, and How?
    1. The “Education” of Martin Delany
    2. Crusading for Black Education: The Why, Which, and How
    3. Women’s Education and Black Liberation
    4. Race and Black Education
    5. Freedmen’s Education
    6. Conclusion
  11. Politics: Citizenship, Accommodation, and Reconciliation
    1. Moral Suasion: Pursuing/Fulfilling Citizenship (Antebellum)
    2. Actualizing Citizenship: Utilitarianism, Pragmatism, Accommodation (Postbellum)
    3. Conclusion
  12. Conclusion: Ahead of His Time
  13. Notes
  14. Bibliography
  15. Index

Page 181 →Bibliography

Books

  • Adeleke, Tunde. “Martin R. Delany and Booker T. Washington: Ideological Partners Separated by Time and Ideology.” In Booker T. Washington: Interpretative Essays, edited by Tunde Adeleke. London: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1998, 35–80.
  • ———. Martin R. Delany’s Civil War and Reconstruction: A Primary Source Reader. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2020.
  • ———. UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
  • ———. Without Regard to Race: The Other Martin R. Delany. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003.
  • Allen, Ernest. “Afro-American Identity: Reflections on the Pre-Civil War Era.” In African American Activism before the Civil War: The Freedom Struggle in the Antebellum North, edited by Patrick Rael. London: Routledge, 2008.
  • Allen, Walter. Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina: A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States. New York: Negro University Press, 1969.
  • Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
  • Aptheker, H. American Negro Slave Revolts. 6th ed. New York: International Publishers, 1983.
  • ———, ed. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. Vol. 1. New York: Citadel Press, 1965.
  • Asante, M. K. The Afrocentric Idea. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.
  • Bell, Howard H., ed. Minutes of the Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1864. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1969.
  • ———. Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1864. New York: Arno Press, 1969.
  • ———. A Survey of the Negro Convention Movement. New York: Arno Press, 1969.
  • Berlin, Ira. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: New Press, 1992.
  • Birnbaum, Jonathan and Clarence Taylor, eds. Civil Rights since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle. New York: New York University Press, 2000.
  • Page 182 →Blackett, R. J. M. The Captive’s Quest for Freedom: Fugitive Slaves, the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, and the Politics of Slavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Blight, D. W., ed. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. 2nd ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.
  • Bullock, H. A. A History of Negro Education in the South: From 1619 to the Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
  • Burks, Gerald A. Partial Genealogy of Martin Robison Delany. Unpublished manuscript, 2006.
  • Butchart, R. E. Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen’s Education, 1862–1875. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.
  • Caldwell, Robert W. Theologies of the American Revivalists: From Whitefield to Finney. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
  • Carr, Robert. Black Nationalism in the New World: Reading the African American and West Indian Experience. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
  • Cooper, William T. The Conservative Regime: South Carolina, 1877–1890. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968.
  • Crump, Ben. Open Season: Legalized Genocide of Colored People. New York: HarperCollins, 2019.
  • Curry, Leonard P. The Free Black in Urban America, 1800–1850: The Shadow of the Dream. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985
  • Davis, David B. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966.
  • ———. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Emancipation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014.
  • Davis, Veronica Alease. Hampton University. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2014
  • Delany, Martin R. Blake, Or, The Huts of America: The Weekly Anglo-African Magazine, 1861–1862.
  • ———. The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1993. First published in Philadelphia in 1852.
  • ———. “Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent.” In Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany, edited by Frank Rollin, 327–367. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1868.
  • ———. Trial and Conviction. Charleston, SC, 1876.
  • Dickson, Rev. Moses. Manual of the International Order of Twelve of Knights and Daughters of Tabor. 8th ed. Glasgow, MO: Moses Dickson, 1911.
  • Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Written by Himself). New York: Bonanza Books, 1962. First published in 1892 in Boston by De Wolfe & Fiske Co.
  • Draper, Theodore. The Rediscovery of Black Nationalism. New York: Viking Press, 1970.
  • Page 183 →Du Bois, William E. B. The Philadelphia Negro. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1899.
  • Eisenstadt, Peter. Black Conservatism: Essays in Intellectual and Political History. New York: Routledge, 1999.
  • Ernest, John. A Nation within a Nation: Organizing African-American Communities before the Civil War. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2011.
  • Foner, Philip S. The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. Vol. 5, Supplementary, 1844–1860. New York: International Publishers, 1975.
  • ———. Frederick Douglass: A Biography. New York: Citadel Press, 1964.
  • Foner, Philip S., and George E. Walker, eds. Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840–1865. Vols. 1 and 2. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979.
  • Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Church in America. New York: Schocken Books, 1974. First published in 1964 by Schochen Books.
  • Friedman, Lawrence J. Gregarious Saints: Self and Community in American Abolitionism, 1830–1870. London: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • Gaston, Paul. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking. New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
  • Gatewood, William B., Jr. “The Remarkable Misses Rollin: Black Women in Reconstruction South Carolina,” South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 92, no. 3, July 1991.
  • Gayle, Addison, Jr. The Way of the World: The Black Novel in America. New York: Archon Books, 1976.
  • Genovese, Eugene. Roll, Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books, 1976.
  • Glaude, Eddie S. Exodus! Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
  • Gravely, Will B. “The Rise of African Churches in America, 1786–1822: Reexamining the Contexts.” In African American Religious Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, edited by Gayraud S. Wilmore. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989.
  • Green, Hilary. Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865–1890. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.
  • Gresson, A. D. Race and Education Primer. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.
  • Griffith, Cyril. The African Dream: Martin R. Delany and the Emergence of Pan-Africanist Thought. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975.
  • Harding, Vincent. “Beyond Chaos: Black History and the Search for the New Land.” In Amistad 1: Writings on Black History and Culture, edited by John A. Williams and Charles F. Harris, 267–292. New York: Vintage Books, 1970.
  • ———. There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1983.
  • Hendrick, George, and Willene Hendrick. Black Refugees in Canada: Accounts of Escape during the Era of Slavery. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2010.
  • Page 184 →Holt, Thomas. Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
  • Horton, James O., and Lois E. Horton. In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700–1860. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Huggins, Nathan I., Martin Kilson, and Daniel M. Fox, eds. Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, Volume 1 to 1877. New York: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, 1971.
  • Hutton, A. J. W. Some Historical Data Concerning the History of Chambersburg. Chambersburg, PA: Franklin Repository, 1930.
  • Jackson, Kellie Carter. Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
  • Jones, Angela, ed. The African American Political Thought Reader: From David Walker to Barack Obama. New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Jones, Martha. Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Keto, T. C. Vision, Identity, and Time: The Afrocentric Paradigm and the Study of the Past. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt, 1995.
  • Laurie, Bruce. Working People of Philadelphia, 1800–1850. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
  • Levine, Robert S. Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  • ———. Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
  • Lincoln, Eric and Lawrence Mamiya. The Black Church in the African American Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990.
  • Litwack, Leon F. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
  • Mabee, Carlton. Black Freedom: The Nonviolent Abolitionists from 1830 through the Civil War. London: The Macmillan Company, 1970.
  • Madera, Judith. Black Atlas: Geography and Flow in Nineteenth-Century African American Literature. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.
  • Maizlish, Stephen E. A Strife of Tongues: The Compromise of 1850 and the Ideological Foundations of the American Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2018.
  • McAdoo, Bill. Pre-Civil War Black Nationalism. New York: David Walker Press, 1983.
  • McCartney, John. Black Power Ideologies: An Essay in African American Political Thought. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
  • McFeely, William. Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.
  • McGann, Jerome, ed. Blake, Or, The Huts of America: A Corrected Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.
  • McGlone, Robert B. John Brown’s War against Slavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Page 185 →Miller, Floyd J. The Search for Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975.
  • Mintz, Cary D. African American Political Thought, 1890–1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1996.
  • Mitchell, Henry H. Black Church Beginnings: The Long-Hidden Realities of the First Years. Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004.
  • Morris, R. C. Reading, Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
  • Newby, Idus. Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.
  • Ofari, Earl. The Assassination of the Black Male Image. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
  • ———. Let Your Motto Be Resistance: The Life and Thought of Henry H. Garnet. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1972.
  • Paris, Peter J. The Social Teachings of the Black Church. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985.
  • Pease, William H. and Jane H. Pease. “The Negro Convention Movement.” In Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, Volume 1 to 1877, edited by Nathan I. Huggins, Martin Kilson, and Daniel M. Fox, 191–205. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.
  • Quarles, Benjamin. Black Abolitionists. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
  • Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
  • Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The “Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • Rael, Patrick, ed. Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
  • Reimers, David M. White Protestantism and the Negro. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
  • Richards, Leonard L. “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolitionist Mobs in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
  • Ripley, C. Peter. The Black Abolitionist Papers. Vol. 3, The United States, 1830–1846. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
  • Rollin, Frank. Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1868.
  • Russell, John H. The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1913.
  • Schoolman, Martha. Abolitionist Geographies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
  • Sidbury, James. Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Atlantic. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Simkins, Francis and Robert Woody. South Carolina during Reconstruction. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1966.
  • Page 186 →Simmons, Adam D. “Ideologies and Programs of the Negro Anti-Slavery Movement, 1830–1861.” PhD diss., Northwestern University, 1983.
  • Sinha, Manisha. The Slave’s Cause: A History of Abolition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.
  • Sorin, Gerald. Abolitionism: A New Perspective. New York: Praeger, 1972.
  • Sterling, Dorothy. The Making of an Afro-American: Martin Robison Delany, 1812–1885. New York: Doubleday, 1971.
  • Stewart, James B. Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery. New York: Hill and Wang, 1976.
  • Stuckey, Sterling. Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundation of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • ———. “Twilight of Our Past: Reflections on the Origins of Black History.” In Amistad 2: Writings on Black History and Culture, edited by John A. Williams and Charles F. Harris, 261–296. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.
  • Takaki, Ronald. Violence in the Black Imagination: Essays and Documents. New York: G. P. Putnam’s 1972.
  • Taylor, Alrutheus A. The Negro in South Carolina during the Reconstruction. Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1924.
  • Thompson, Henry T. Ousting the Carpetbaggers from South Carolina. New York: Negro University Press, 1928.
  • Ullman, Victor. Martin R. Delany: The Beginnings of Black Nationalism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971
  • Wallace, Maurice O. Constructing the Black Masculine: Identity and Ideality in African American Men’s Literature and Culture, 1775–1995. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
  • Walters, Kerry. The Underground Railroad: A Reference Guide. Denver, CO: ABC-Clio, LLC, 2012.
  • Washington, Booker T. “The Atlanta Exposition Address.” In Readings in African American History. 3rd ed., edited by Thomas R. Frazier. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson, 2001.
  • ———. Up from Slavery: An Autobiography. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. First published by Doubleday, New York, 1901.
  • Washington, Joseph R. Black Religion: The Negro and Christianity in the United States. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984.
  • Watkins, W. H. Black Protest Thought and Education. New York: Peter Lang, 2005.
  • Watkins, W. H., J. H. Lewis, and V. Chou, eds. Race and Education: The Role of History and Society in Educating African American Students. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2001.
  • Wilentz, Sean, ed. David Walker’s Appeal. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995.
  • Williams, Alfred B. Hampton and His Red Shirts: South Carolina Deliverance in 1876. Charleston: Walker, Evans and Cogswell, 1935.
  • Williams, Heather A. Self-Thought: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
  • Page 187 →Williamson, Joel. After Slavery; The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
  • ———. The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. London: Oxford University Press, 1984.
  • ———. The Origins of Segregation. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1968.
  • Wilmore, Gayraud S, ed. African American Religious Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989.
  • Wilson, Carol. Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780–1865. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.
  • Woodson, Carter G. The Mis-education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990. First published in1933 by The Associated Publishers.
  • Yellin, Jean F. The Intricate Knot: Black Figures in American Literature, 1776–1863. New York: New York University Press, 1972.

Articles

  • Adeleke, Tunde. “Afro-Americans and Moral Suasion: The Debate in the 1830s.” Journal of Negro History 31, no. 2 (Spring 1998): 127–142.
  • ———. “Violence as an option for Free Blacks in Nineteenth Century America.” Canadian Review of American Studies 35 (2005):87–107.
  • ———. “Martin R. Delany’s Philosophy of Education: A Neglected Aspect of African-American Liberation Thought.” Journal of Negro Education 63, no. 2 (Spring 1994): 221–236.
  • ———. “‘Much Learning Makes Men Mad’: Classical Education and Black Empowerment in Martin R. Delany’s Philosophy of Education.” Journal of Thought 49, nos. 1 and 2 (Spring–Summer 2015): 3–26.
  • ———. “Uncle Tom.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008.
  • ———. “Religion in Martin R. Delany’s Liberation Thought.” Religious Humanism 27, no. 2, (Spring 1993): 80–91.
  • ———. “‘Today is the Day of Salvation’: Martin R. Delany and the Struggle against Providential Determinism in Early Nineteenth Century Black Abolitionism.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 13, no. 4 (2017): 1–23.
  • Asante, Molefi K. “The Afrocentric Idea in Education.” Journal of Negro Education 60, no. 1 (1991): 170–180.
  • Banks, J. A. “Race, Knowledge Construction, and Education in the USA: Lessons from History.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 5, no. 1 (2002): 7–27.
  • Bell, Howard H. “The American Moral Reform Society, 1836–1841.” Journal of Negro Education 25, no. 11 (Winter 1958): 34–40.
  • ———. “Negro Nationalism: A Factor in Emigration Projects, 1858–1861.” Journal of Negro History 47 no. 1 (January 1962): 42–53.
  • ———. “National Negro Conventions of the Middle 1840s: Moral Suasion VS. Political Action.” Journal of Negro History 42, no. 4 (October 1957): 247–260.
  • Page 188 →Blackett, Richard. “Martin Delany and Robert Campbell: Black Americans in Search of an African Colony.” Journal of Negro History 60, no. 11 (January 1977): 1–25.
  • Brophy, Alfred L. “The Nat Turner Trials.” (June 18, 2013). North Carolina Law Review 96 (June 2013): 1817–1880.
  • Cash, Philip. “Pride, Prejudice, and Politics.” Harvard Medical School Alumni Bulletin (1980): 20–25.
  • Chiles, Katy. “Within and without Raced Nations: Intertextuality, Martin Delany, and Blake, Or, The Huts of America.” American Literature 80, no. 2 (June 2008): 323–352.
  • ———. “Defining Blake.” American Periodicals: A Journal of History & Criticism 28, no. 1 (2018): 75–77.
  • Delany, Martin R. “Sound the Alarm.” North Star, January 12, 1849.
  • ———. “American Civilization: Treatment of the Colored People in the United States.” North Star, March 30, 1849.
  • ———. “Domestic Economy 1-3.” North Star, March 23, 1849; April 13, 1849; April 27, 1849.
  • ———. “Political Aspects of the Colored People of the United States.” Provincial Freeman, October 13, 1855.
  • ———. “Political Events.” Provincial Freeman, July 5, 1856.
  • ———. “Report from Wilmington, Delaware.” North Star, December 15, 1848.
  • ———. “Letter from Columbiana, August 13, 1848.” North Star, August 25, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Pittsburgh, January 21, 1848.” North Star, February 4, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 16, 1849.” North Star, February 16, 1849.
  • ———. “Colored Citizens of Pittsburgh.” North Star, July 13, 1849.
  • ———. “Report from Cleveland, Ohio, July 24, 1848.” North Star, August 4, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Hanover, Ohio, March 27, 1848.” North Star, April 14, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Cincinnati, Ohio, May 20, 1848.” North Star, June 9, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Chillicothe, Ohio, April 20, 1848.” North Star, May 12, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Milton, Ohio, June 18, 1848.” North Star, July 7, 1848.
  • ———. “Report from Lancaster City, Pennsylvania, December 18, 1848.” North Star, January 5, 1849.
  • ———. “Domestic Economy.” North Star, March 23, 1849.
  • ———. “Domestic Economy.” North Star, April 20, 1849.
  • ———. “Domestic Economy.” North Star, April 23, 1849.
  • ———. “Letter from M. R. Delany.” Frederick Douglass’s Paper, April 11, 1853.
  • ———. “M. R. Delany to Dr. James McCune Smith (Important Movement).” Weekly Anglo-African, January 4, 1862.
  • ———. “Illinois Convention.” Frederick Douglass’s Paper, November 18, 1853.
  • ———. “The Moral and Social Aspect of Africa.” Liberator, May 1, 1863.
  • ———. “Letter from Columbus, Ohio.” North Star, April 28, 1848.
  • ———. “Letter from Cincinnati, Ohio.” North Star, May 26, 1848.
  • ———. “Letter from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.” North Star, December 1, 1848.
  • Page 189 →———. “Letter from Wilmington, Delaware.” North Star, December 15, 1848.
  • ———. “Letter from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.” North Star, March 9, 1849.
  • ———. “Colored Citizens of Cincinnati.” North Star, June 15, 1849.
  • ———. “Highly Important Statistics, Our Cause and Destiny: Endowment of a Newspaper.” North Star, October 5, 1849.
  • ———. “Political Economy.” North Star, March 16, 1849.
  • ———. “Letter to Frederick Douglass.” Frederick Douglass’s Paper, April 11, 1853.
  • ———. “A Political Review.” Daily Republican, August 15, 1871.
  • ———. “Citizenship.” National Era, March 10, 1870.
  • Douglass, Frederick. “Remarks.” Frederick Douglass’s Paper, April 11, 1853.
  • ———. “Letter to Mrs. H. B. Stowe” in Howard H. Bell, Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1935. New York: Arno Press, 1969. Letter originally written in 1853.
  • Draper, Theodore. “The Father of American Black Nationalism.” New York Times Review of Books, March 12, 1970.
  • ———. “The Fantasy of Black Nationalism.” Commentary 48 (1969).
  • ———. “The Father of American Black Nationalism.” New York Times Review of Books, March 12, 1970.
  • Du Bois, William E. B. “A Forum of Facts and Opinions.” Pittsburgh Courier, July 25, 1936.
  • Fisher, Miles M. “Lott Cary: The Colonizing Missionary.” Journal of Negro History 7, no. 4 (December 1922): 380–418.
  • Garrison, William L. “Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Society.” Liberator, December 14, 1833.
  • ———. “The Letter from Dr. Delany.” Liberator, May 21, 1852.
  • Geffen, Elizabeth. “Violence in Philadelphia in the 1840s and 1850s.” Pennsylvania History 36, no. 4, (October 1969): 381–410.
  • Goldstein, Leslie F. “Violence as an Instrument for Social Change: The Views of Frederick Douglass (1817–1895).” Journal of Negro History 61, no. 1 (January 1976): 61–72.
  • Hartgrove, W. B. “The Story of Josiah Henson.” Journal of Negro History 3, no. 1 (January 1918): 1–21.
  • Hite, Roger. “Stand Still and See the Salvation: Rhetorical Designs of Martin Delany’s Blake.” Journal of Black Studies 5, no. 2 (December 1974): 192–202.
  • Kauremszky, IIona. “Uncle Tom Was a Real Person; His Cabin is in Canada.” Christian Science Monitor, January 26, 2005.
  • Khan, Robert. “The Political Ideology of Martin R. Delany” Journal of Black Studies 14, no. 4 (June 1984): 415–440.
  • Madera, Judith. “Atlantic Architectures: Nineteenth-Century Cartography and Martin Delany’s Blake.” English Language Notes 52, no. 2 (Fall/Winter 2014): 75–96.
  • Magdol, Edward. “Martin R. Delany Counsels Freedmen, July 23, 1865.” Journal of Negro History 56, no. 4, October, 1971: 303–307.
  • M. C. “Letter from York.” North Star, December 15, 1848.
  • Page 190 →McCormick, Richard P. “William Whipper: Moral Reformer.” Pennsylvania History 43, no. 3 (January 1976): 23–46.
  • McKenzie, Edna. “Doctor, Editor, Soldier: On Pittsburgh’s Very Own Martin R. Delany.” Post-Gazette, February 5, 1992.
  • News and Courier, October 7, 1874.
  • New York Times, November 27, 1870.
  • Ogbu, John. “Black American Students and the Academic Achievement Gap: What Else You Need to Know.” Journal of Thought 37, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 9–33.
  • Painter, Nell I. “Martin R. Delany: A Black Leader in Two Kinds of Time.” New England Journal of Black Studies 8 (November 1989): 37–47.
  • Pease, William H, and Jane H. “Black Power: The Debate in 1840.” Phylon 29, no. 1 (1968): 19–26.
  • ———. “Boston Garrisonians and the Problem of Frederick Douglass.” Canadian Journal of History 2, no. 2 (September 1967): 29–48.
  • Quarles, Benjamin. “The Breach between Douglass and Garrison.” Journal of Negro History 23, no. 2 (April 1938): 144–154.
  • Reed, Harry A. “Henry H. Garnet’s Address to the Slaves of the United States of America, Reconsidered.” Western Journal of Black Studies 6, no. 4 (1982): 186–191.
  • Rosenfeld, Louis. “Martin Robison Delany (1812–1885): Physician, Black Separatist, Explorer, Soldier.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 65, no. 7 (September 1989): 801–818.
  • Shelby, Tommie. “Two Conceptions of Black Nationalism: Martin Delany on the Meaning of Black Political Solidarity.” Political Theory 31, no. 5 (October 2003): 664–692.
  • Shepperson, George. “Notes on Negro American Influences on the Emergence of African Nationalism.” Journal of African History 1, no. 2 (1960): 299–312.
  • Sherwood, Henry N. “Paul Cuffee.” Journal of Negro History 8, no. 3 (April, 1923): 152–229.
  • ———. “Paul Cuffee and his Contributions to the American Colonization Society.” Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association 6 (1913): 370–402.
  • Shreve, Grant. “The Exodus of Martin Delany.” American Literary History 29, no. 3 (Fall 2017): 449–473.
  • Takaki, Ronald. “Aesculapius Was a Whiteman: Ante-bellum Racism and Male Chauvinism in Harvard Medical School.” Phylon 39, no. 2 (1978): 128–134.
  • Tanser, H. A. “Josiah Henson: The Moses of his People.” Journal of Negro Education 12, no. 4 (Autumn 1943): 630–632.
  • Tillery, Tyrone. “The Inevitability of the Douglass-Garrison Conflict” Phylon 37, no. 2 (June 1976): 137–149.
  • Weisbord, Robert G. “The Back-to-Africa Idea.” History Today 56 (January 1968).
  • Whipper, William. “An Address on Non-Violent Resistance to Offensive Aggression.” Colored American, September 16 and 30, 1837.
  • Woodson, Lewis (“Augustine”). “The West.” Colored American, February 16, 1839; March 2, 1839; March 16, 1839; June 15, 1839; August 31, 1839.
  • Page 191 →———. “Going West.” Colored American, July 15, 1839.
  • ———. “Death vs. Expatriation.” Colored American, October 27, 1838.
  • ———. “Going West.” Colored American, May 3, 1838.
  • ———. “Going West.” Colored American, May 16, 1838.
  • ———. “Going West” Colored American, October 6, 1838.
  • ———. “Going West.” Colored American, May 2, 1849.
  • ———. “Death vs. Expatriation 1.” Colored American, November 10, 1837.
  • ———. “Death vs. Expatriation 2.” Colored American, October 27, 1848.
  • ———. “For the Colored American, April 19, 1838.” Colored American, May 3, 1838.
  • Zeugner, John. “A Note on Martin Delany’s Blake and Black Militancy,” Phylon 32, no, 1, July 1973.

Archival Sources

  • Burks, Gerald A. “Martin R. Delany.” AfriGeneas Genealogy and History Forum Archive, March 25, 2006.
  • Delany, Martin R. Freedmen’s Bureau Report, 1867. Microcopy 849, Roll 35; Records of the Assistant Commissioners of the State of South Carolina. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870. Columbia, SC: South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
  • ———. Freedmen’s Bureau Report, 1868. Microcopy 849, Roll 35; Records of the Assistant Commissioners of the State of South Carolina. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870. Columbia, SC: South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
  • Summers, E. A. Manuscript dated April 11–June 15, 1867. Columbia, SC: South Caroliniana Research Library, University of South Carolina, 1867.
  • Wilkins, R. Letters dated April 22 and May 17, 1867. The Archive of the American Missionary Association, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
  • Wright, E. Letters dated March 17 and 20, 1867. The Archive of the American Missionary Association, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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