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Page 252 →Page 253 →Index
- abolitionism, 18–21, 25, 33–34, 100–101, 176
- Abraham (biblical figure), 99
- Abraham (Monroe congregant), 57–58 Acts, Book of, 25
- Adam (biblical figure), 136
- Adams, John, 41
- Adger, John Bailey, 14, 15, 97, 108, 173, 182, 224n32; biracialism defended by, 94, 96, 99, 104; failing health of, 95, 102; enslavement defended by, 106; C. C. Jones linked to, 16; legacy of, 153, 155, 157, 160, 179; literacy championed by, 95, 117; mission church envisioned by, 91–93; slave marriages esteemed by, 118–19; as translator, 91
- Adger, Robert, 107–8
- Ad-Interim Committee on Racial and Ethnic Reconciliation, 8
- African religion, 39
- The Age of Reason (Paine), 19
- Allen, James B., 63
- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 40, 50
- American Missionary Board, 61
- American Revolution, 45
- Andrews, James O., 198n13 Antislavery (Dumond), 23–24
- The Antislavery Impulse (Barnes), 33
- Artaguiette, Pierre d’, 65
- Association for the Religious Instruction of Slaves, 82–83
- Association of Missionaries in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, 60
- Bachman, John, 167
- Baird, Jim, 8
- baptism, 56
- Baptists, 87, 88, 178, 199–200n16
- Baptized in Blood (C. R. Wilson), 164
- Barbados, 17
- Barnes, Gilbert Hobbes, 33
- Blackburn, George A., 102, 105
- Blassingame, John, 123
- Blight, David, 163–64, 171
- Boles, John, 115, 116, 123–27, 173; Black denominations viewed by, 131; Bryan family viewed by, 79; forms of address viewed by, 119; Girardeau viewed by, 148–49; “limited emancipationist impulse” viewed by, 14, 81, 87
- Bolls, John, 41
- Bourne, George, 25, 33
- Brainerd, David, 40
- Brainerd, John, 40
- Brooks, James F., 215–16n9 Brown, John, 113
- Brown, Michael, 9
- Brown, Morris, 121
- Brown v, Board of Education (1954), 170
- Bryan family, 79
- Bullen, Joseph, 41–42
- Butler, Anthea, 207–8n30
- Butler, Benjamin F., 122–23
- Bynum, Tennessee, 58, 59
- Calhoun, John C., 38, 43, 44
- Calvinism, 20
- Capers, Ellison, 167
- Page 254 →Capers, William, 87, 224n32
- Carter, Robert, 151
- Catechism of Scripture Doctrine and Practice (C. C. Jones), 83, 89
- Chalmers, Thomas, 91
- Charleston Minute Men, 112
- Cheadle, Mr. (Monroe congregant), 62, 63
- Cherokees, 37, 40, 41, 47, 60, 61
- Chichester, C. E., 234n66
- Chickasaw College, 15
- Chickasaw Female College, 70
- Chickasaws, 11, 13, 60; agricultural practices of, 69; Bullen’s mission to, 41–42; “civilized” status sought by, 51–52, 66–67; diseases’ toll on, 40; as enslavers, 43, 58; indigenous religious practices of, 39, 64; intermarriage by, 45, 46–47, 52, 53–54, 65; schools of, 51, 52–53; Stuart’s mission to, 15, 37–38, 39, 44, 46–48, 54, 65–69, 178
- Chloe (child of Dinah), 56
- Choctaws, 40–43, 47, 60–62
- Christie, John, 33
- Civilization Act (1819), 43
- civil rights movement, 1, 5, 8, 101
- Clairborne, W. C. C., 42
- Clarke, Erskine, 81, 92, 120, 126, 153, 155, 232n11
- Cocke, John, 85
- Coffee, John, 222n124
- Colbert, George, 45
- Colbert, James, 45
- Colbert, Levi, 45, 46
- Colbert, Logan, 45, 65
- Colbert, Mimey, 46, 56, 58, 59
- Colbert, Molly, 58
- Colbert, Nancy, 63
- Colbert, William, 45, 46, 58–59, 65–66
- Coldenham Presbytery, 18, 23, 30, 31
- Colossians, Book of, 97
- Committee of Scotch Reformed Presbyterians, 29
- communion, 63
- Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies (1794), 21
- Cooper, Ashley, 20
- Cornelius, Janet, 14, 80, 81, 86
- Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis, Marquis, 29
- cotton trade, 20, 34
- Creeks, 40, 43, 44, 61
- Dabbs, James McBride, 9
- Dabney, Robert Lewis, 13, 19, 28, 137, 140–46, 174
- Davis, David B., 19
- A Defense of Virginia (Dabney), 137, 141–42
- DeSaussure, Henry, 96
- Dickinson, Peet, 160
- Dickson, Hugh, 54
- Dinah (Monroe congregant), 54–55, 56, 62, 180, 182
- Docetism, 75, 89
- Donnelly, Thomas, 14–18, 22, 28–30, 32–35, 173, 177, 179, 182
- Dumond, Dwight Lowell, 23–24, 33
- Duncan, Ligon, 8
- Dvorak, Katherine, 109
- Dyson, DeSean, 149
- Galatians, Book of, 10, 11, 67, 136, 144
- Gamble, James, 69
- Garrison, William Lloyd, 19, 33, 73
- Gayoso de Lomos, Manuel, 41
- Gee (minister), 151
- Genesis, Book of, 27, 28
- Genovese, Eugene, 19, 33, 81, 85, 142, 173
- George (Monroe congregant), 63
- Georgia, 41, 74
- Gibbs, Jonathan C., 134, 153, 182
- Gilleland, James, 208n32, 211–12n2
- Girardeau, John Lafayette, 15, 182, 224n32; African American elders ordained by, 131; Anson Street position accepted by, 106–7; as Confederate chaplain, 14, 16, 127, 132–33, 159, 164, 165, 167; congregants’ loyalty to, 134, 135, 147, 148; contradictory views of, 11, 13, 111, 126–27, 165–66, 172; criticisms of, 113, 115; Dabney vs., 13, 137, 140–41, 143, 144; ecclesiastical equality
- embraced by, 13, 16, 129, 137–40, 146, 148, 172, 173, 177–79; emancipation viewed by, 137; as enslaver, 114; family background of, 102; Galatians interpreted by, 10–11, 136; Gullah proficiency of, 104; C. C. Jones contrasted with, 117–18; C. C. Jones’s influence on, 91; legacy of, 149, 152–60, 163–66; as Lost Cause advocate, 14, 16, 159, 163–73; as orator, 16, 103, 108, 122–24, 171; organic separation opposed by, 150–51, 173–74; Sabbath schools backed by, 147; segregation foreseen by, 170; self-description of, 105; slaves’ use of surnames encouraged by, 119–21; theological rigor of, 112
- Glebe Street Church, 147–49
- Gowan, Peter, 149
- Grace Church Cathedral Episcopalian Church, 149
- Grafton, C. W., 44–45
- Grimball, John, 122
- Gunn, James, 54
- Gunn, Molly, 63
- Page 256 →Jackson, Andrew, 43
- Jackson, Thomas J. “Stonewall,” 144, 171
- Jacobs, Ferdinand, 226n95
- James, Book of, 25
- Jefferson, Thomas, 42
- Jesus Christ, 2, 25, 136
- Jews, 111–12, 146
- John, the Apostle, Saint, 4
- Jones, Charles Colcock, 14, 15, 16, 37, 99, 117, 173, 179, 182; Charleston’s Presbyterians viewed by, 91; congregants’ differing views recognized by, 86; enslavement viewed by, 73–74, 77–86; family background of, 75–76; religious instruction and literacy championed by, 82–84, 85; religious training of, 73, 77; slave marriages and families esteemed by, 84, 118; White prejudice viewed by, 89
- Jones, Edward C., 111, 120
- Jones, Evan, 212–13n4
- Jones, Mary, 78, 82
- Joshua (biblical figure), 2
- Lambert, Valerie, 212n3
- Lane Rebels, 33
- Larger and Shorter Catechism, 22
- Laurens, John, 20
- Law, Thomas H., 147
- Lee, Robert E., 144
- Lesick, Thomas, 33
- Letter from a Birmingham Jail (King), 5
- Levi (biblical figure), 144
- Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery (Wyatt-Brown), 33
- Lincoln, C. Eric, 199–200n16
- literacy, 95, 106, 177; Jones’s promotion of, 82–84, 85; missions’ focus on, 17, 26–27, 68; slaves banned from acquiring, 88, 94, 117–18
- Littlefield, Daniel E., 215n8
- Locke, John, 20
- Lopez, David, Jr., 111
- Louisiana Purchase (1803), 21, 43
- Love, Benjamin, 63
- Love, Henry, 222n124
- Loveland, Anne C., 33, 198n13
- Lucas, Sean, 8, 140, 145
- Lucy (child of Dinah), 56
- lynching, 89, 101, 112, 128, 171
- Mack, J. B., 151
- Macrae, David, 117
- Madison, James, 20
- Magrath, A. G., 225–26n72
- Martin, William, 29
- Massachusetts, 20
- Mathews, Donald G., 77–78, 90, 91, 180; Jones and Garrison linked by, 73; Jones’s inner conflicts viewed by, 81–82, 87; Jones’s religious training viewed by, 74, 77; missions’ contradictions viewed by, 14–15, 37
- Matthew, Book of, 80, 128
- McDill, John, 31
- McDonald, John, 29
- McGee, Malcolm, 48
- McKenney, Thomas, 38
- McKinney, James, 22, 29–30, 32
- McLaughlin, William G., 212–13n4
- McLeod, Alexander, 15, 18–29, 34–35, 113–14
- McLeod, Colonel, 21–22
- McNinch, John, 30
- Meade, William, 87
- The Metaphysical Confederacy (Farmer), 97
- Page 257 →Methodists, 87, 88, 178, 199–200n16
- Metz, F. P., 155, 158–59
- Mila (Monroe congregant), 62, 63
- Miles, Edward R., 167
- Miles, Tya, 26–17n10
- Minges, Patrick, 215n8
- Missionary Society of the Synod of South Carolina, 43, 54
- Mississippi, 11, 41; Chickasaw in, 12, 15, 37; enslavement in, 10, 55
- Monroe, James, 43, 48
- Monroe Mission, 15, 37, 39, 48–71, 84; bilingual services of, 55; Chickasaw schools of, 52–53, 69; church building of, 52, 54–55; discipline in, 58, 62–63; ethnic heterogeneity of, 38, 49–50, 53–55, 58–61, 64, 66; formation of, 39, 48; frontier’s influence on, 49–50; growing membership of, 62, 66; members inducted into, 56–58, 59–60, 63; particularization of, 54; racial and gender categories maintained by, 67, 70–71
- Morrison, Jacky, 148, 182
- Mother Emmanuel AME, 8, 160
- Mount Zion AME Church, 149
- Narcissa (T. C. Stuart’s ancestor), 50
- Natchez Trace, 42, 52
- Native American removal, 12–13, 51–53, 66, 67, 68, 178
- Negro Slavery Unjustifiable (McLeod), 18, 19, 21, 23, 24
- Never Surrender (Poole), 164
- New York Missionary Society, 41
- New York State, 20, 22
- Noah (biblical figure), 28
- Northwest Ordinance (1787), 20, 21
- Paine, Thomas, 19, 20
- Palmer, Benjamin Morgan, 19, 150
- particularization, 61
- paternalism, 9, 16, 90, 92, 93, 126, 141
- Paul, the Apostle, Saint, 6, 10, 99, 136, 145–46
- Payne, Daniel, 153
- Pelham, Cornelia, 57
- Pennsylvania, 20, 22, 29
- Perdue, Theda, 214n6, 215–16n9
- Perry, James, 222n124
- Philemon (biblical figure), 145
- Pickens, Andrew, 41
- Pickens (farmer), 48
- Pickett, Martha Westbrook, 160
- Pinckney, Philip, 160
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 3
- Poole, W. Scott, 164
- Powers, Bernard, 153
- Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), 5, 8
- Presbyterian Church United States (PCUS), 5, 11, 16, 136, 140, 143, 146, 159, 173
- Presbyterian Church USA, 9, 159
- Price, William, 126, 148, 182
- Primus (Monroe congregant), 62
- The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution (Davis), 19
- Prosser, Gabriel, 21
- Puritans, 11
- Raboteau, Albert, 83
- Race and Reunion (Blight), 163
- Ravenel, Beatrice St. Julien, 112
- Ravenel, Heidi, 160
- Red Hills and Cotton (Ben Robertson), 50
- Page 258 →Reformed Presbyterian Church (RPC), 18, 22, 23, 28–29, 34
- The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United States (C. C. Jones), 83, 89
- Revelation, Book of, 60
- Richardson, William, 29
- Rindah (Monroe congregant), 57
- Robb, Alfred, 122–23
- Robertson, Ben, 50
- Robertson, M. F., 112
- Robertson, W. F., 102, 148
- Robinson, Herman, 160–61
- Robinson, Samuel, 148, 182
- Rocky Creek Presbyterian Church, 15, 19, 28–34
- Rutledge, John, Jr., 21
- Saiyo (Monroe congregant), 63
- Saxton, Rufus, 232n11
- Schlabs, Patrick, 160
- Scott, Walter (shooting victim), 160
- Scott, Walter (writer), 141
- Second Great Awakening, 39
- Second Presbyterian Church (Charleston), 16, 91–97, 99, 102–7, 115
- Seely, Samuel, 52–53
- segregation, 1, 170; Christian dualism and, 89–90; in churches, 49; origins of, 3–4; southern Presbyterian tolerance of, 3, 8, 101, 128, 177
- segregationist academies, 5, 170
- Seminoles, 40
- Seven Years War, 19, 40
- Simms, Lois, 97, 155
- The Slaveholders’ Dilemma (Genovese), 173
- slave rebellions, 21, 94–96, 113, 114
- Smith, H. Shelton, 142
- Smith, Timothy L., 115
- Smith, Ursula, 49
- Smylie, James, 230n53
- Smyth, Thomas, 91–92, 97, 107, 224n32
- Snay, Mitchell, 33
- Soto, Hernando de, 45
- Sparks, Randy, 198–99n15
- Spencer, William, 148, 182, 222n124, 234n68
- spirituality of the church, 89, 176
- Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, 122
- states’ rights, 170
- Sterns, Charles, 19
- Stokes, Karen, 106, 108
- Stono Rebellion (1739), 94
- The Strange Career of Jim Crow (Woodward), 3–4
- Stuart, Mary Jane, 68, 69–70
- Stuart, Susan, 54
- Stuart, Thomas C., 14, 173, 177, 182; Chickasaw students viewed by, 53; as college instructor, 70; death of, 70; financial dependence of, 48–49, 50; as Humphries’s assistant, 43–44; indigenous religions disparaged by, 64; as missionary to Chickasaws, 15, 37–38, 39, 44, 46–48, 54, 65–69, 178; multi-ethnic community led by, 11, 50–51, 58–61, 179; racial and gender categories maintained by, 70–71; self-criticism of, 68; White superiority viewed by, 49, 50
- Sturm, Circe, 215–16n9
- Swayze, Samuel, 40–41
- Tappan, Lewis, 33
- Thirteenth Amendment, 127, 137
- Thom, David, 157
- Thompson, Ernest Trice, 17, 40, 50, 51, 182
- Thornwell, James Henley, 19, 97–101, 152, 224n32
- Tisby, Jeremy, 149, 207–8n30
- Tise, Larry, 33
- Tishu Miko (Tishomingo; Chickasaw leader), 64, 65, 66
- Page 259 →tithing, 90
- Titus (biblical figure), 146
- Tombigbee Presbytery, 61
- Trapier, Paul, 226n82
- Treaties of Hopewell (1785–86), 41
- Treaty of Fort Adams (1801), 43
- Treaty of Paris (1783), 45
- Trenholm, George A., 233n66
- Trenholm, T. B., 234n66
- Trescot, Paul, 126, 134–35, 148, 182
- Trott, James J., 212–13n4
- Turner, Hamilton V., 48, 54
- Turner, Nancy, 54
- Turner, Nat, 94
- Turretin, Francis, 22
- Twenty-Third South Carolina Volunteers, 16
- urban slavery, 10
- Wallingford Academy, 153–54
- War of 1812, 43
- Warren, J. B., 234n66
- Warren, John, 126, 148, 182
- Washington, George, 41, 45–46, 52, 144
- Westminster Confession of Faith, 22, 29, 33, 167
- Wetherall, Mr. (enslaver), 63
- Wheatly, Phillis, 27
- Whitney, Eli, 20, 34
- Willborn, C. N., 113, 117
- William (child of Dinah), 56
- Wilson, Charles Reagan, 164, 170
- Wilson, Ethalinda, 54
- Wilson, James, 48, 54
- Wilson, Prudence, 54
- Wilson, Robert, 208n32
- Winston, E. T., 39, 45–46, 47–48, 70
- Winter, Milton, 39, 57
- Woods, Donnie, 158
- Woods, R. R., 154
- Woodward, C. Vann, 3–4, 24
- Wrestlin’ Jacob (Clarke), 81
- Wright, Henry Clarke, 19
- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, 33
- Wylie, Samuel Brown, 21, 23, 31
- Yeamans, John, 17
- Zion, in religious discourse, 39, 111
- Zion Presbyterian Church (Charleston), 12, 16, 89, 95, 97; attacks on, 112, 113, 115, 128; attendance at, 123; building of, 111, 153; church leadership trained at, 178, 180; “classes” within, 115, 116–17; as cultural and political hub, 153–57, 177; education offered by, 154; enslavement accommodated by, 128–29; “exhorters” at, 116–17; founding of, 111; naming of, 108–9; Olivet Church’s merger with, 156–59; during Reconstruction, 131–35, 146–52, 155; roll books of, 119–20; seating arrangements at, 121–22, 123–24; spiritual freedom embodied by, 125–26